The authors thank Dr. Susan Sanchez for assistance. An 18-gauge catheter was directed into the cavity, which was copiously flushed with 200 mL of warm sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. The frequency of gastrointestinal sounds was abnormally low in all 4 abdominal quadrants, but findings pertinent to the cardiorespiratory system were considered normal. Endosurgical treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in a rabbit - AVMA Notice the persisting soft tissue swelling associated with exophthalmia involving the left eye (arrow). Malocclusions in guinea pigs, chinchillas and rabbits. display: flex; English Espaol Portugus Franais Italiano Svenska Deutsch. Anesthesia was discontinued, and the rabbit recovered from anesthesia without complications. There are several different ways of treating abscesses in rabbits based on location, cause, size, overall health of the bunny and so on. I work at a vet clinic so I brought her in and she was in shock and we had to bolus 250 ml of normasol and put her on oxygen. Stomatoscopy revealed minor elongation of and a lingual spur associated with the left mandibular fourth premolar, which was reduced by use of a rotary power tooln and a dental burr. The left maxillary second molar was found to be loose, and exudate emanated from the gingival margin around it (Figure 3). Facial abscesses | BSAVA Library complications from abscess. Rabbits, hares and pikas (lagomorpha). https://www.cabi.org/join-our-research-panel/. Endosurgical treatment of a retrobulbar abscess in a rabbit. Given the absence of obvious signs of retrobulbar infection and the tendency for food and debris to accumulate in the cavity, an antimicrobial-impregnated bioactive dental ceramicp was used to fill the defect. Volume 41, Issue 7. 10.1016/j.cvex.2006.05.022 | DeepDyve Older rabbit with a history of severe acquired dental disease, retrobulbar abscess, and enucleation of the right eye. Ocular ultrasonography revealed a poorly defined area of hypoechoic, flocculent-appearing material caudomedial to the left globe, most consistent with a retrobulbar abscess (Figure 2). Stomatoscopy revealed a caseous plug at the site of the left maxillary second molar extraction; the site was debrided with an angled curette. Antimicrobials were flushed into the tooth abscess cavity, and antimicrobial treatment was initiated on the basis of cytologic findings and results of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing. London: Mason Publishing Ltd, 2005;113144. Would you like email updates of new search results? Notice that the material caudomedial to the curvilinear line is less echogenic than the wall and that the structure displaces the globe rostrolaterally. 2007; 230(6):868-72 . Betty is recovering well, I think it was harder on me than her. Physical examination revealed generalized muscle atrophy, bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, and severe left-sided exophthalmia. Durham, NC, USA. Runny Eyes, Runny Nose: What Do They Mean? There are many thoughts on how to treat rabbit abscesses and much depends on the location of the infection, the cause of the infection and the general condition of the bunny. Are ocasional egg-shaped droppings normal? : r/Rabbits Treatment: Orbital cellulites and retrobulbar abscess are treated similarly, as follows: Drainage via an incision is made through only the oral mucosa. DOI: 10.1016/J.CVEX.2006.05.022 Corpus ID: 22339666; Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. Meloxicam (0.5 mg, SC) was given for postoperative pain control. Complete surgical removal of the abscess along with correction of the cause gives the best chance for a complete cure. The Case: Retrobulbar Abscess or Something Else? Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3], and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1]. Clinical relevance: Hematologic analysis revealed normochromic macrocytic anemia with moderate anisocytosis and severe polychromasia: Hct was 25% (reference range, 30% to 50%), RBC count was 3.33 106 RBCs/L (reference range, 4 to 8 106 RBCs/L), hemoglobin concentration was 8.1 g/dL (reference range, 8.0 to 17.5 g/dL), mean corpuscular volume was 75 fL (reference range, 58.0 to 66.5 fL), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was 32.4 g/dL (reference range, 29 to 37 g/dL).1,2 The WBC count was slightly high at 12.7 103 leukocytes/L (reference range, 5 to 12 103 leukocytes/L), and apart from mild neutrophilia (61%; reference range, 33% to 55%), the leukocyte differential was within reference range.1,2 Results of plasma biochemical analyses were within reference ranges, and there was no serum antiP multocida antibody titer. Diagnosis and Management of a Retrobulbar Abscess of Periapical Origin [47] record evidence from . Stomatoscopy-aided dental trimming, tooth removal, and abscess debridement were performed. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med 1999;8:139141. . The rabbit was anesthetized to facilitate radiographic imaging, ophthalmic ultrasonography, and detailed oral cavity examination. Careers. The kindest thing in this case was euthanasia. The most common signs of a retrobulbar abscess are bulging of the eye, protrusion of the third eyelid across the eye and inability to close the eyelids completely. Three days later, surgical access to the abscess was obtained by incising over the swelling on the right-hand side of the face and dissecting through the soft tissues to a 5-mm pathologic decit on the lateral aspect of the max-illa. Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of dental disease in pet rabbits. The rabbit survived with good quality of life for several years on Oxbow Critical Care and soaked pellets. Administration of ciprofloxacin and penicillin G was discontinued at that time. If clinical resolution is not gained, enucleation may be performed instead. and transmitted securely. You may need to adress this still or another abscess may occur. Infectious Diseases Laboratory, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, Ga. Bickford PC-2B, Bickford Inc, Wales Center, NY. Clinical aspects of lagomorph dental anatomy: the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Rabbits can form abscesses in nearly any organ of the body as well as in skin, tooth roots and bone. cView of cavity debridement being performed with an angled curette. Continue Reading. Oof, poor girl. FOIA Sorry it had to happen. However, in order to confirm the diagnosis, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations are generally the tests of choice. J Vet Dent 1991;8:1117. For Librarians:Integration of your institutional LibKey profile with CAB Direct is very quick and easy! Abscesses develop when bacteria enter a part of the body. Abstract. In:Quesenberry KE, Carpenter JW, ed.Ferrets, rabbits and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. Notice the soft tissue mass representing the exophthalmic left eye (white arrow) and the abnormally located left maxillary molar (black arrow). Harcourt-Brown FM. It depends on the underlying cause. background: #ddd; 2020 VetPartners Practices Limited t/a Willows Veterinary Centre, Registered Address Spitfire House, Aviator Ct, York YO30 4UZ. A bacterial abscess of the tooth roots can come about rather quickly (hours-days), but other things can cause eyes to protrude (called exopthalmos), such as tumors, which grow on the order of weeks-months. If you would like to, you can learn more about the cookies we use. In some instances, palliation was achieved with antimicrobial treatment and surgical debridement of the abscess.13 However, because rabbits form caseous exudates within thick-walled pyogenic capsules, incomplete excision often leads to recurrence.13,30 The recommended treatment for retrobulbar abscesses includes exenteration of the orbit and enucleation to allow access to and debridement of the retrobulbar space.3 Other described approaches that have been used after dental extraction and aggressive surgical debridement include packing the abscess cavity with antimicrobial suspensions, gentamicin-soaked collagen material, clindamycin powder or perforated capsules, calcium hydroxide, antimicrobial-soaked bone matrix material such as hydroxyapatite, bioactive ceramics, antimicrobial-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads, or doxycycline-containing polymer gel.8,28,31-33 There is at least 1 case report28 in which use of an endoscope facilitated surgical debridement of an abscess cavity, but in that instance, the endoscope was used extraorally. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Retrobulbar Abscess? | Rabbits Online Pet Rabbit & Bunny Forum Abstract. PMC A small angled elevator was used to break down the soft tissue attachments securing the molar. This is usually associated with inflammation and infection of the tissues behind the eye. Recommended surgical treatment of such abscesses involves complete excision of the lesion, aggressive debridement of affected bone [3] , and removal of associated teeth or tooth fragments [1] . Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The rabbit Most facial abscesses are the result of dental disease. Apart from his abscess and the eye it's affecting, he's quite healthy: being active, eating, drinking, peeing and leaving droppings as usual. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits - treatment avoiding enucleation. Retrobulbar abscess is commonly associated with acquired dental disease - higher incidence in rabbits older than 2 years. An abscess is a cavity containing pus surrounded by a capsule of thickened, inflamed tissue. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. Hernandez-Divers SJ, Murray M. Small mammal endoscopy. Hoefer HL. Although bacterial culture has low sensitivity and specificity because of the polymicrobial nature of endodontic infections and rabbit coprophagia, it is considered important in determining antimicrobial selection.29,34 Biopsy of the abscess wall was not performed because of the inaccessibility of the site with the endoscope introduced orally. In addition, rabbit abscesses often develop finger-like projections or tracts into the surrounding tissue where new abscesses can form. Below is a discussion on what can cause this problem and what we can do about. 2011 Jul;52(7):380-3. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01077.x. During those examinations, improvements in demeanor and appetite were observed, along with a 14% weight gain to 1.14 kg (2.5 lb) at the time of the first reevaluation. They are very well encapsulated and because of their location they are very difficult to reach and drain. Fluorescein stainingf revealed a superficial corneal ulcer in the left eye. Retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits cause exophthalmos withdrying keratitis, as well as periorbital inflammation. In the following article different methods are presented by which an enucleation of the bulbus can be avoided. Copyright 2012 2012 by Susan Brown, DVM. Runny Eyes, Runny Nose: What Do They Mean? | House Rabbit Society Your current browser may not support copying via this button. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2nd ed. Bacterial infection or abscessation - foreign bodies in young animals and dental disease in older animals; Fungal infection behind the eye - not common Common presentations include the following: . Date Reviewed/Revised: 01/05/2012. Making lots of left turns. Article. Surgical treatment of rabbit retrobulbar abscesses by enucleation and abscess drainage procedure. 3-mm round long burr, Surgical Innovations Inc, Suwanee, Ga. Consil, Nutramax Laboratories Inc, Edgewood, Md. The symptoms that are present with a retrobulbar abscess in dogs will prompt a thorough eye exam to be completed. National Library of Medicine HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Hence, a rabbit that presents for primarily ophthalmologic signs such as epiphora or exophthalmus should receive a full dental examination. Definitely not the worst, but it's good she'll be seen soon. Surgery allows complete removal of the abscess and a thorough flushing of the cavity to ensure that none of the exudate is left within it. Unusual bilateral retrobulbar abscess in the rabbit. Dental abscesses also may appear as retrobulbar abscesses. What is a retrobulbar problem? Transverse planar ultrasonographic images of the left eye and retrobulbar area in the same rabbit as in Figure 1. aImage of the left eye and retrobulbar area at the time of initial examination. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted At the time of initial examination at the teaching hospital, the rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and was in poor body condition (body condition score, 1.5/5). Some rabbits can live with abscesses on various parts of their body for years by having them surgically drained as needed. This is part of Dr. Browns Small Mammal Health Series. Unusual bilateral retrobulbar abscess in the rabbit One week after surgery, results of bacterial culture of the abscess fluid revealed light growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and very light growth of Enterococcus spp. Martin CL. A case report and review of the literature. A concurrent medical treatment . a localized purulent inflammation of tissues, involving their dissolution and the formation of a pus-containing cavity. Identification of uncultured bacteria from abscesses of exotic pet Two months after the initial surgery . Remeeus PG, Verbeek M. The use of calcium hydroxide in the treatment of abscesses in the cheek of the rabbit resulting from a dental periapical disorder. MRI: abscess dorsal from molar root tooth, Anaerobic bacteria are commonly isolated -, Yes please, I would like to read about future offers and latest news via email. situated, occurring, or administered behind the eyeball See the full definition The reason for the thick consistency is that there is an enzyme missing that is in other mammals, such as dogs, cats and humans that can break the dead cells into a more liquid form. Lobprise HB, Wiggs RB. Corneal diseases of rabbits. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! I'll update after her appointment. Clinical FindingsThe rabbit weighed 1.0 kg (2.2 lb) and had a body condition score of 1.5/5. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Here is an MRI of the head, showing pus extending up in the orbit and then down as far as the cervical area. In:Hillyer EV, Quesenberry KE, ed.Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. In many cases, enucleation is required to access the diseased tissues. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. In:Lemox AM, ed.Rabbit and rodent dentistry handbook. Gentle retropulsion of the left eye was used to aid in removal of inspissated material. . Like most websites we use cookies. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). In:Martin CL, ed.Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine. Mamoray film, Mamoray HDR-C film, AGFA Corp, Greenville, SC. PDF Facial bacterial abscesses and dermatitis in rabbits X-rays will not only show abnormalities behind the eye, but will also give the opportunity to confirm or rule out dental disease. Retrobulbar Abscess in Dogs - Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment Br Small Anim Vet Assoc Sci Annu Meet 2003;511512. Register today and take advantage of membership benefits. bView of the soft tissue defect (arrow) remaining after removal of the left maxillary second molar. One year after the initial diagnosis, the rabbit was clinically normal and no further complications were reported. Crossley DA. Pus that is found behind the eye will usually be evaluated for the presence of pathogens as well. Retrobulbar abscess. With the finally correct diagnosis, Holy has improved, her breathing got better. Background: Ophthalmic disease is a common reason for rabbits to be presented to the general veterinary practitioner. 000-000-000 . sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Masipa JN, Bouckaert M, Masureik C, Lemmer J, Meyerov R, Feller L. Diagnosis and management of a retrobulbar abscess of periapical origin in a domestic rabbit. We are glad to hear that she is doing alright. PDF Treatment of a retrobulbar abscess secondary to dental associated