On February 23, 2010, Fattah reintroduced the bill as the "Debt Free America Act," (H.R. This is my tuition and tax credit program this has helped millions of families. He talks about how former Mayor Michael Nutter spent about a third of whatbusinessman Tom Knox did in the 2007 mayoral race. They have two school-age children. Its main floor features a living room and great room on either side of a central fireplace, a modern kitchen, a TV room with powder room and a laundry. Former Democratic Rep. Chaka Fattah (Pa.) was sentenced to 10 years in prison Monday by a federal judge in Philadelphia. Committed to fair housing. The trial was originally scheduled for May 2, 2016, but in April a judge had the date pushed back to May 16 to give the defendants time to review the excess of more than 100,000 documents accrued by the prosecution. This is my effort to get rid of public housing high rises in Philadelphia. So, how much is Chaka Fattah worth at the age of 66 years old? Fattah is only 64 years old, so his estimated lifetime pension is $1 million. U.S. District Judge Harvey Bartle called the Philadelphia Democrats crimes astonishing given that he and his wife had an annual income that put them at or near the top 1 percent.. Chaka Chip Fattah Jr., who never finished college, was convicted of using fraudulently obtained business loans to fund his jet-set lifestyle. He can point to his early and loud supportof President Barack Obama. By misusing campaign funds, misappropriating government funds, accepting bribes, and committing bank fraud, as alleged in the Indictment, Congressman Fattah and his co-conspirators have betrayed the public trust and undermined faith in government.. Former state Rep. Dwight Evans, a fellow Democrat, now holds his seat. The case was then remanded for resentencing. These are the people that have been voting for me and praying for me for all these years.. , money, salary, income, and assets. The Fattahs were buying a vacation home in Shohola, Pa., the indictment says, and had agreed to pay just over $19,000 in settlement costs at closing. Fattah and his wife, Renee Chenault Fattah, also allegedly used bribery proceeds to "close on a vacation home" in the Poconos by falsely disguising an . "[That] has nothing to do with the fact that Ive been found on the wrong side of these questions by a jury.. The conference was designed to encourage minority students interest in STEM graduate and professional schools. Ive helped tens of millions of people, Fattah said. If youve ever dreamed of living like a baron for less than a million bucks, nows your chance: the Fattahs loss is your gain. But she was less open to talking about her incarcerated husband, former U.S. Who Is Chaka Fattah's Wife? I got to ask former WCAU-TV anchor Renee Chenault-Fattah anything I wanted about Alzheimer's disease. His wife is Renee Chenault-Fattah (m. 2001) Chaka Fattah Net Worth His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. Congressman Chaka Fattah Sr., 58, of Philadelphia; lobbyist Herbert Vederman, 69, of Palm Beach, Florida; Fattah's Congressional District Director Bonnie Bowser, 59, of Philadelphia; and Robert Brand, 69, of Philadelphia; and Karen Nicholas, 57, of Williamstown, New Jersey, were charged today in a 29-count indictment with participating in a Chaka "Chip" Fattah Jr., who never finished college, was convicted of using fraudulently obtained business loans to fund his jet-set lifestyle. 3759) which proposed to have the U.S. Treasury conduct a one-year feasibility study of a 1 percent transaction fee imposed on transactions made at any financial institution. It's the former home of Congressman Chaka Fattah and his wife Renee Chenault-Fattah, a. They dont even have to believe in me. Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for the funding of the United States Department of Justice and the United States Attorney General. Philadelphia news outlets have filed a motion to unseal court documents related to that dismissal. HEMAP is a loan program designed to protect Pennsylvanians who, through no fault of their own, are financially unable to make their mortgage payments and are in danger of losing their homes to foreclosure. From 1995 to 2016, Fattah served as the U.S. Representative from Pennsylvanias 2nd Congressional District. Fattah was a former state lawmaker and Philadelphia official who was elected to Congress in 1994. Learn How rich is He in this year and how He spends money? In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of Best Dressed Legislators, noting his "excellence in haberdashery.". All they have to do is believe in the system.. Fattah was the recipient of numerous honors and awards including 10 honorary doctorates and the University of Pennsylvanias Fels Institute of Government Distinguished Alumni Achievement Award. Though Fattah was reportedlyunder investigation by the Department of Justice for eight years, it took charges on racketeering and bribery for challengers to come forward. Sometimes when youre flying on Air Force One and some corporate CEO is waiting to greet you and introduce you and this and that, but theyre really not talking to you. Sources. I kind of want to leave it there.". He touted the possibility that such a system would bring in so much money it would allow for greatly increased federal spending, saying the "excess funds" would "provide universal health care, support an equitable public school finance system, and fund economic development in urban and rural areas," in addition to extinguishing the national debt and eliminating all other federal taxes. Neither Fattahs attorney,Sam Silver, northe prison bureau would comment to local media on why Fattah was released early from lockup, but his release appears to have been the call of the Bureau of Prisons. In the 2011-12 election period, he spent $162,000 while the average winner of a House seat spent 10 times that, some $1.6 million. Ambition Is an Asset. Chenault-Fattah, who is also a lawyer,. In return, Fattah reportedly pushed for an ambassadorial position for Vederman or for appointment to the U.S. Trade Commission, including hand-delivering a letter to President Barack Obama on the issue. In 2002, he introduced the "Student Bill of Rights", H.R. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Committed to one day maybe six days after the primary, the scheduled start date of his trial fighting those criminal charges. From the outside, things seem painfulfor Fattahs family. The program promotes college attendance among the nations most impoverished students. Fattah insists the Justice Department, though led by fellow Democrats, has been out to get him and his family for years. Two days later, according to the indictment, the Fattahs had their mortgage for the Poconos property approved. Renee Chenault-Fattah, wife of the indicted Rep. Chaka Fattah (D., Pa.), was not charged by federal authorities Wednesday - but the longtime NBC10 anchor did not escape the U.S. attorney's charging document. For context, heres what geographic area the second district covers: [googledocs url=https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=zpCiRP_-CLNE.kuzLxa1XGo9o height=480 width=640]. Fattah won his first election in 1982 by 58 votes , defeating a party-favored incumbent for the 192nd house seat in the Pennsylvania . The measure calls for States to provide highly effective teachers, early childhood education, college prep curricula and equitable instructional resources to all students who attend public schools. Advertisement Fox News Flash top headlines are here. With that said, endorsements can sometimes help win elections. Richardson Dilworth, a professor of politics and the director of Drexels Center for Public Policy (and, yes, grandson of the former mayor), observed that Fattah has great name recognition in his district, andsaid hes not convinced his indictment is going hurt him much at the polls. Innocent until proven guilty has, predictably, become the congressmans mantra. He's currently serving a 10-year prison sentence. Upstairs youll find three bedrooms and a full bath. Still, as he faces years behind bars, Fattahsfighting to keep his seat inthe Democratic primary on April 26. This was my first big success in Congress.. On June 21, 2016, Fattah was convicted of all charges, including racketeering conspiracy, bribery, bank fraud, mail fraud, money laundering, making false statements to a financial institution, and falsification of records. Fattah, who earned $174,000 as a congressman,. It was recently announced that his wife who was not charged was no longer at NBC 10 after a six-month period on leave from the station, and Fattah Jr. is in a jail cell. Some are fromhis own office. Fattah, 60, served 22 years in Congress before losing a Democratic primary in April. In 1984, Fattah completed the Program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government at Harvard University's John F. Kennedy School of Government. The Pennsylvania Democrats son, Chaka Fattah Jr., is already in prison on bank and tax fraud charges. The latest property being unloaded in the Disgraced Pol Hit Parade went on the market last Tuesday. Bartle noted that Fattah and his wife, a TV news anchor, made more than $500,000 in combined income, placing them in the top 1 percent of Americans. Committed to youth mentorship. Fattah has introduced a few bills targeting the equity of resource allocation within and between school districts. Chaka Fattah (Arthur Davenport) was born on 21 November, 1956 in Philadelphia, PA. And Im going to leave it to others to figure out everybodys motives.. / CBS/AP. Prosecutors say Fattah tried to conceal an $18,000 bribe from Vederman by pretending he sold a Porsche to the man. Chenault-Fattah did let me know, though, that her marriage remains intact. In 1987, Fattah founded the Graduate Opportunity Initiative Conference, an annual three-day informational and scholarship conference which aims to significantly increase the enrollment of under-represented graduate students studying Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM fields). Mutual Fund and ETF data provided by Refinitiv Lipper. Chenault-Fattah is raising money on the Indiegogo crowd-funding website for a new documentary called In Search of Lost Time: Alzheimer's and Dementia's Impact on People of Color,that she's producing along with veteran filmmaker Bob Lott of Teamwork Productions. All the while he did it with his own little West Philadelphia political machine, with the support ofpeople like Hughes and Councilwoman Cindy Bass. A subsequent Philadelphia Daily News investigation revealed that nonprofits receiving federal funding and connected to Fattah paid out over $5.8 million to Fattah allies and alleged that many of these payments were ethically dubious. Legal Statement. When you get someone whos invested 10 or 20 years, and theyre in there and bringing resources back, it doesnt really make sense to get rid of them.. Thats at least four more elections to win. first as a Wall Street lawyer and later a TV broadcaster, Indiegogo crowd-funding website for a new documentary, California residents do not sell my data request. He also wrote the legislation for the American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC). The nonprofit efforts including a NASA-funded mobile science classroom emblazoned with Fattahs name that roamed Philadelphia during the mayoral campaign helped promote Fattahs political career, prosecutors said in their sentencing memo. Federal agents also saw the car in Fattah's garage in March 2014, the indictment says, more than two years after the transaction supposedly occurred. Fattahs third wife, Renee Chenault-Fattah, is a former Philadelphia television news broadcaster. Wisely, Chenault-Fattah, now 60, decided to stick to what she's known for, which is telling stories. WASHINGTON -- Rep. Chaka Fattah (D-Penn.) Theyre from the White House. Chaka Fattah 1956 . His wife, Philadelphia TV news anchor Renee Chenault-Fattah, took a leave after her husband's indictment and then quit in February. So, how much is Chaka Fattah worth at the age of 66 years old? Fattah, who earned $174,000 as a congressman, is married to longtime Philadelphia news anchor Renee Chenault-Fattah. Congressman Chaka Fattah's wife, NBC10 News Anchor Renee Chenault-Fattah responds to allegations detailed in a Federal Indictment against her husband. See also: United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania, 2010#District 2. We're sorry what happened to your family, but isn't it great that you went on to use your voice to do something which makes an impact around this issue of Alzheimer's.' Earlier this year, Fattah, 60, was convicted of misspending government grants and charity money to fund his campaign and personal expenses, even as he and his TV anchor wife earned more than $500,000 a year. The long-running criminal scheme was related to paying back a loan from Fattahs unsuccessful run for Philadelphia mayor in 2007. He had eight siblings and seven of them died from different forms of cancer". 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. His net worth has been growing significantly in 2021-2022. Its alleged that he misappropriated more funds from his mayoral and congressional campaigns in order to pay off his sonsstudent loan debt by dispensing checks to a political consulting firm which then lessened his sons college debt burden. Fattah's wife, longtime Philadelphia news anchor Renee Chenault-Fattah and their two daughters were not charged. Former U.S. Rep. Chaka Fattah, D-Pa., was released from a federal lockup near Scranton last month to serve the rest of his sentence in either a halfway house or under house arrest in. 2451. Suddenly, the popular broadcaster was a stay-at-home mom with a whole lot of time on her hands and a non-compete clause that sidelined her for a least a year. [Hes]got an incredible social network. Fattah also provided a copy of the title to the Porsche to the bank, the indictment says. Its very hard he said. The elder Fattah, 59, faces his own corruption trial before Bartle on May 2. Hes a member of the Democratic political establishment in both Philadelphia and Washington, and predicts that if things go his way, hes next in line to take over as the Democratic chairman of the Committee on Appropriations in the House. In 2013, Fattah served as a vice chair on the House Gun and Violence Taskforce, a taskforce created under the direction of House Democratic Leader Nancy Pelosi. Read the news of the day in less than 10 minutes not that were counting. While in the U.S. House of Representatives. And Fattahs Twitter account shows that he launched a business while still serving his sentence, with his bio saying hes President/CEO of Fattah Neuroscience Global Advisors - Catalysts in Uplifting Brain Research. A source speculated to The Philadelphia Inquirer that the decision could be tied to coronavirus concerns. Despite the successes, the connections, the seniority and the support, hes a careerpolitician whos nearly out of campaign funds and who couldnt pay the lawyers defending him on charges of using public money and charity dollars to further his political career and line the pockets of hisassociates. She was cited in the case over the sham sale of her Porsche,. He even lobbied President Barack Obama on the friends behalf, to no avail. He talks about how charges were dropped againsta Temple professor recently accused ofbeing a Chinese spy. He reported for prison at Federal Correctional Institution, McKean near Lewis Run, Pennsylvania on January 25, 2017. That is not going to be the big deal of whatever is said about me, he says, pausing to point at the 22 articles that lay out his political accomplishments. At press time, she'd raised about $10,000 of the $40,000 she needs. [But] there are lots of people he hasnt done favors for, too. During his sentencing in 2016, U.S. District Judge Harvey Bartle called the Philadelphia-area lawmaker's crimes "astonishing" given that he and his TV anchor wife had a $500,000 annual income that put them at or near the "top 1 percent.". Some of the earliest charges stem from Fattahs failed bid for Philadelphia mayor in 2007, when his early lead was dwindling just weeks before the primary and he was running low on cash. And I don't want to do anything to jeopardize that," she told me. At least 12 dead after winter storm slams South, Midwest, The Saturday Six: Dental device controversy, scientist's bug find and more, Indonesia fuel depot fire kills 18; more than a dozen missing, 3 children killed, 2 others wounded at Texas home, Man charged for alleged involvement in 2 transformer explosions, Nikki Haley slams potential GOP contenders, and Trump and George W. Bush, Duo of 81-year-old women plan to see the world in 80 days, Tom Sizemore, actor known for "Saving Private Ryan" and "Heat," dies at 61, Alex Murdaugh trial: What to know about the double murder case, Rep. Chaka Fattah responds to corruption charges: "This is not Deflate-gate", NTSB to investigate in-flight turbulence that left 1 passenger dead, Pittsburgh woman missing for 31 years found alive in Puerto Rico, convicted of misspending government grants and charity money to fund his campaign and personal expenses. Chenault-Fattah started with NBC10 in 1991, according to her biography on the station's website. The Congressman has an older son, Chaka Fattah, Jr., also a politician, who was convicted of felony bank and tax fraud in February 2016. The bill died without attracting any co-sponsor. He previously served in the Pennsylvania Senate and the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. While it was one the harshest sentences ever handed out to a one-time member of Congress, federal prosecutors had asked for a longer term behind bars. A lawyer before she became a journalist, Chenault-Fattah is said to earn a substantial salary from NBC10. All rights reserved. His son, Chaka Fattah, Jr., is in federal prison after being convicted on charges he funneled government money to himself and defrauded others to pad a luxurious lifestyle. His candidacy announcement took place next to the recently completed Microsoft School of the Future in the city's Parkside neighborhood to emphasize his campaign platform of better educational opportunities for city youth. Discover Chaka Fattah's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. But a decision from the U.S. Supreme Court in McDonnell v. United States a few days later changed the legal definition of bribery to exclude "pay for access and Fattah appealed his conviction, placing his sentencing on hold. Former Rep. Chaka Fattah, D-Pa., walks from the federal courthouse on Monday after his sentencing hearing in Philadelphia. Dianna Marder, Party Politics: Fattah, Chenault exchange vows with help from their children, the congressman and news anchor held a big church wedding,The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 8, 2001, Congressman Chaka Fattahs son taken off to serve years in prison for fraud,NBCPhiladelphia.com, February 2, 2016,https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Chaka-Fattah-Jr-Fraud-Sentencing-Federal-Court-367332741.html; Bill Clark, Chaka Fattah former Pennsylvania congressman gets 10 years in federal prison for corruption, CBSNews.com, December 12, 2016,https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chaka-fattah-former-pennsylvania-congressman-10-years-prison-corruption/. makes sure to note, too, that Sims raised $230,000 to challenge him for Congressthis year and didnt make it to filing day. The indictment says Chenault-Fattah e-mailed Vederman in January 2012 about purchasing her car. Note that clicking the link below will block access to this site for 24 hours. Phillys mayoral candidates are tiptoeing onto TikTok. We, journalists, typically know a little bit about alot of subjects. His wife, former NBC10 news anchor Renee Chenault-Fattah, though not charged in his case, saw her career end this year after she was linked to the sham sale in 2012 of her Porsche convertible, a transaction prosecutors said was intended to cover up a bribe to her husband. In November 2013, Fattah was invited to attend as Keynote speaker at the Annual Cooperatives Conference, hosted by the NCBA. Fattah was the lead Democrat responsible for funding some of the largest science agencies in the federal system (NASA, NSF, Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP). On Monday, U.S. District Judge sentenced Fattah to 10 years in prison. Local news should be free and accessible, which is why we ask readers like you to support our work rather than charging a fee to see it. When former WCAU-TV co-anchor Renee Chenault wedded former Congressman Chaka Fattah in 2001, the Daily News proclaimed theirs the marriage of a century. But behind the confidence, the political experience and the public relations in those 22 articlesare29 federal counts of corruption the reason why Fattah is in the thick of his most contested congressional race since he first won the seat in 1994. President Obama has called for making the tax credit permanent. 1601, and again in 2007 with H.R. Do you find this information helpful? Weldon was investigated by the feds and never charged, but news of a probe may have cost him his seat. Phillys hot podcast studio: How two longtime producers are growing the citys audio scene, Meet the 10 entrepreneurs vying set up shop inside Philly rec centers, Tax cuts, a new forensic lab, library service, hotspot help: Takeaways from Mayor Kenneys final city budget proposal, A real art project at Quinta Brunsons former school in West Philly mirrors the Abbott Elementary Mural Arts episode, Former Councilmember Bobby Henon sentenced to 3.5 years in prison for taking bribes, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic. Following this conference, his mother decided to change his name to Chaka Fattah, to acknowledge their African ethnicity. The Associated Press contributed to this report. Chenault-Fattah, 57, could not be reached for comment Wednesday. Fattah was convicted in June on a number of federal corruption charges, including bribery, racketeering, money laundering, bank fraud, mail and wire fraud, and filing false statements. We have estimated ", She added, "This is a disease that has no effective treatment and no cure.". Fattah attended Overbrook High School in Philadelphia and graduated with his BA from the University of Pennsylvanias Wharton School of Business in 1978. Chenault-Fattah has sold the 2.6-acre estate in East Falls that had been their marital home and downsized into something smaller near Springside Chestnut Hill Academy, where their daughter, Chandler, is an eighth grader. Office of Property Assessment records show the home was put in Renee Chenault-Fattahs name via a nominal transaction in 2006. If you're a human and see this, please ignore it. Updated: 12/12/2016 12:02 PM EST. First published on December 12, 2016 / 12:36 PM. In 2004, Fattah introduced a bill titled the "Transform America Transaction Fee," (H.R. On December 12, 2016, Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison and began serving his term at the Federal Correctional Institution, McKean, Pennsylvania on January 25, 2017. GEAR UP has become the largest pre-college awareness program in the nations history and has given more than $2 billion toward the educational advancement of low-income students. After that, he was re-elected every two years with at least 86% of the vote. In addition, Fattah received bribes from Herbert Vederman, a former deputy mayor of Philadelphia who served as an aide to his mayoral campaign. . Chenault-Fattah is focusing her attention on Alzheimer's disease and the disproportionate way it affects people of color. On December 12, 2016, Fattah was sentenced to 10 years in prison. Despite apparently selling the car to Vederman in January, the indictment says, Chenault-Fattah in May renewed the car's registration in her name, had the vehicle serviced in Conshohocken in June, and adjusted the car's insurance for the winter in November. The jury convicted him of leading a five-person racketeering enterprise that included the loyal aides and political consultants who did his bidding, comingling campaign, nonprofit and government funds and using them as directed for Fattahs personal and political needs. I'm a columnist for The Philadelphia Inquirer and Daily News covering mostly local topics but sometimes weighing in on national news as well. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Ironically, Fattah says that one day he hopes his legacy in Philadelphia is not about his success at the polls or the elections hes won or even about his prominence in the Washington Democratic establishment, but rather, he says, about what hes done for his constituents and for the country. In November 2006, he declared his candidacy for Mayor of Philadelphia, where two-term incumbent Mayor John F. Street was barred from re-election by term limits, amid pressure from Democratic voters to keep his Congressional seat in order to maintain a Philadelphia representative on the powerful Appropriations Committee in the House. Fattah grew up in Philadelphia, attending Overbrook High School and the Community College of Philadelphia. On August 9, 2018, however, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit overturned Fattahs bribery convictions. The 22-year Congressman, indicted on federal corruption charges, grants a rare interview as he faces an unprecedented challenge. You abused your trust, time and time again.. BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Thats an area where Evans whos successfully stumped for other candidates across the state has him beat. NEW JERSEY FEDERAL JUDGES SON KILLED, HUSBAND SHOT AT HOME. the Service Employees International Union, spent about a third of whatbusinessman Tom Knox did, a Temple professor recently accused ofbeing a Chinese spy, Experts seem to agree that prosecutors have their hands full, 5 things to know about Joanna McClinton, Pa.s first Black woman House speaker, How to get on the primary ballot in Philly (and why candidates get kicked off), What should Philly mayoral candidates answer about public safety? He was never challenged in the Democratic primary until 2016, when he lost to Dwight E. Evans. (Of note: Fattah came in fourth in that race. Fattahmakes sure to note, too, that Sims raised $230,000 to challenge him for Congressthis year and didnt make it to filing day. Credit NBC10. As he awaited his sentence, Fattah said he had mixed emotions: saddened to find himself in court but grateful for the work he was able to do. The Philadelphia Democrat, who was first elected to . He is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. On November 5, 1991, City Councilman Lucien Edward Blackwell won the election with a plurality of 39% of the vote defeating Fattah (28%), John F. White (28%), and Nadine Smith-Bulford (5%). Fattah and several of his co-defendants, who include former campaign and congressional aides, obtained an illegal $1 million loan for him during the 2007 mayors race. 3941-45 W. Netherfield Rd., Philadelphia, Pa. 19129 | TREND images via Elfant Wissahickon Realtors. The bill has national support from co-op and EOB advocates and members. In 2009, Fattah introduced a fourth bill to require having a study conducted, H.R. Andthe Department of Justice contends its investigators werent unfairly targeting the congressman. The Justice Department wanted Fattah incarcerated for 17 to 21 years. The FBI spent years investigating Fattah, and it long looked as if he would escape federal indictment. Committed to funding neuroscience research. Yet despite his safe congressional seat, Fattah always wanted to be a power player back home in Philadelphia, where he was born, and it was this desire that ultimately led to his downfall and federal conviction. Fattah, who has so far largely escaped being attacked by challengers with regard to the litany of criminal charges and accusations against him, is harnessing the one thing that he has that Evans doesnt: 22 years in congress and a seat on the House Committee on Appropriations. And his family has fallen with him. U.S. Rep. Chaka Fattah Sr., the Democrat who represents a district that includes parts of Philadelphia, was indicted on Wednesday over allegations of political corruption. The only poll conducted so far suggests Evans is in the lead, but theres a caveat: Evans, who didnt respond to a request for comment. Even though she's been off the air for almost three years, people still recognize Chenault-Fattah when she's out and about and question her about when she'll be back on air. This is a story about my funding of the bridge over the Schuylkill, but its really symbolic of a host of efforts across the district. Still, as. Im as innocent as you are under our system, Fattah said. save for his 2007 bid for mayor. This legislation will provide means to catalyze cooperative development, provide tools to entrepreneurs to bring cooperative to their communities, partner with financial institutions to provide grants a loans to developing businesses, offer technical training and professional development. Committed to fair housing. Housed within the White House and chartered on June 20, 2012, the IWGN convenes representatives across the Federal government to make recommendations about the future of neuroscience research.
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