how to calculate tensile strength of steel how to calculate tensile strength of steel

Hi Tensile strength is measured by elongating a specimen in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Tensile strength values vary for various steel densities. wt. Thanks in advance. WebStrength, often denoted as $\sigma = F/A$, can be considered how much force a material can withstand for a given cross-section. Difficult to imagine that youd be able to break or bend a bar made of appropriate material, but you may be the Hulk! What would be the tensile strength of a fastener Shoulder bolt: .500 dia shaft 3/8-16 thread? It is typically measured using the split cylinder test or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C78 method for determining flexural strength. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. What would be that website or manufacturer be? These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. Our expertise is limited to steel and stainless steel fasteners. I have 3 treated 46s that are bowing and want to pull them back into the straight vertical postion. WebGuide to Tensile Strength. I would agree with that response it isnt anything we can easily calculate. Strain (normal) A measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless. Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to tensile strength or even to the ultimate.. Hi, Im building a barbed wire fence roller and would like to use 3/4 1018 cold roll round stock for the shaft that the wire spool will attach to. Ultimate shear strength is commonly estimated to be 0.6*UTS. @Z- We can calculate the tensile, yield, or shear strength, but to me it sounds like youd be more concerned with the bar bending. You only need to calculate the cross section area of the bolt X tensil strength of material bolt is made of. Rule of thumb is that one diameters worth of thread engagement is sufficient, so a 1 engagement on a 3/4-10 bolt should be more than enough. Could you please advise what is the FoS for high-strength bolts, e.g. A concrete slab was casted over 9m span beam, and later it was found the slab projection of 0.8m long with ~5m width was required to rest the window components. 6) Shear strength: the maximum shear load a material can withstand before failing divided by its cross-sectional area. WebHow do you calculate stress in steel? From this, the range is calculated and this range is set in the UTM.Assuming working stress = 140N/mm Factor of safety = 3.i.e Ultimate stress = 140x3 = 420N/mm. T (in) Weld fillet throat dimension WebThe specific strength is bounded to be no greater than c2 ~ 9 1013 kN m / kg, where c is the speed of light. Its actually used to measure the amount of energy the material can absorb at the limited state. How can i calculate a bolt yield strength to a 70% , 40% etc. how do i need to calculate the tensile strength for the self drilling screw? Divide the yield strength by the factor of safety to calculate the allowable stress. 16 Examples of Tensile Strength Bamboo, 350, 50,763 Steel, 531, 77,015 Spider Silk, 1,000, 145,038 Diamond, 2,800, 406,105. @Rachid- Apologies, but that is a little out of our realm of expertise. WebEngineering. @Vani- I am sorry, we do not have that information. As I understand it, in simplist terms, tensile strength is the force required to pull a bolt apart and yeild is the force required to deform it to the point where it does not fully recover. If you want something to be able to withstand more force the simplest approach is to increase the cross-section or get a stronger material. @Sampson I am sorry, but we do not have the tensile stress area charts for metric fasteners. WebUltimate tensile strength of low-carbon steel is between 400 550 MPa. Note: Brinell Hardness uses a hard, spherical indenter which is forced into the surface of the metal to be tested. Second, I think you are mistaking the purpose of braided wire. What is tensile strength? 6) Shear strength: the maximum shear load a material can withstand before failing divided by its cross-sectional area. how to calculate the strength of the steel for tension member without using tensile load method? @Mario- It is difficult for us to make specific torque recommendations because every application is different and because torque is a tricky animal. how far is it cantilevered from the tree? The top of of your beam, loaded in compression, will fail in buckling. is divided by P max /A 0, where P max is the maximum load and A 0 is the original cross sectional area. This corresponds to the maximum stress sustained by a structure in tension. If this stress is applied and maintained, a fracture will result. Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to tensile strength or the ultimate.. WebTensile strength of steel:- the tensile strength of structural steel is 400 N/mm2 and for carbon steel is 841N/mm2, it can be also measured in SI unit Mega Pascal as 400 841MPa in India and other country but in US customary region measured in psi and their value is 58000 Of course, the siding would likely pull away from the house first, but. WebWhat is the ultimate tensile strength of UTS? is it possible that your bolt passes in tensile strength and fails in proof stress. Therefore here are the figures: Torque tool generates up to 10,000 PSI of hydraulic pressure at testing or proving. Arash. Required fields are marked *. More precisely, I want to ensure that a 3/4-10 bolt wont shear out the threads of the 1in thick plate in wich it is screwed. AREA (A) = 1.5 X 0.5 Generally, Steel, Titanium, Tungsten and Inconel are considered the strongest four metals. RPstress (Aerospace) 23 May 06 14:01. WebEngineering. For example: allowable stress of A36 steel = 36,000 psi / 4.0 = 9,000 pounds per square inch. Strength of Metals - Imperial Units. The tensile strength of concrete is its ability to resist being stretched or pulled apart under stress. Unlike tensile and yield strengths, there are no published shear strength values or requirements for ASTM specifications. Elongation = FL/AE. Apologies. We are considering manufacturing a holding rod to support a caster assembly. If nut and bolt are made from the same material,and thread engagement is at least 55% the bolt will pull into (tensil) before the thread shears. otherwise please clarify. Ultimate tensile strength is often shortened to tensile strength or even to the ultimate.. Must be an easier way of computing this Tensile Stength of Steel in question. WebThe following are basic definitions and equations used to calculate the strength of materials. Bolts test out at 84-89 HRB. [citation needed] Tenacity (textile strength) [ edit] If youre building a structure that could collapse on someone, *always* get a structural engineer to design it. the cross section of the coupon is .250x.250. Ultimate : 78ksi TS MPa. Apologies. @Brian- We are able to make many grades and diameters of bolt or rod, but we dont have any engineers on staff, so we would be unable to recommend any thing specific. Apologies. Then on the stress-strain diagram, lay off om equal to the specified value of the offset (i.e. Applying the formula for calculating tensile strength for a mild steel bolt, we get a value of 10,500 lbs. 2 A spring is an example of an elastic object - when stretched, it exerts a restoring force which tends to bring it back to its original length. any other method to calculate strength of steel with or without using IS(indian standard) code book? As for your factor of safety question, you are correct that they vary a little based on application. The breaking point is the tensile stress area multiplied by the minimum tensile in psi. It can be used to predict the elongation or compression of an object as long as the stress is less than the yield strength of the material. If it is a large swinging or bouncing load, get an engineer to look at it. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. Tensile strength is important on the bottom of your beam. Strain (normal) A measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless. @Rinky- We are sorry, but we are not familiar with EN 45502, so are unable to help. WebTensile strength from Brinell hardness can be roughly estimated by multiplying 3.45 and Brinell hardness and is represented as TS = (3.45/9.8067)*HB or Tensile Strength = (3.45/9.8067)*Brinell Hardness. The specimen is held on opposite ends using clamps. width (w) = 0.505 in. More about the definitions below the table. Strain (normal) A measure of the deformation of the material that is dimensionless. Math can be tough, but with a little practice, anyone can master it. How to calculate tensile strength of braided steel wire? WebSuppose the diameter and length of rod are and 36 inches. Yield strength and tension strength of Fe250 is 250MPa and 410MPa respectively, tensile strength is 410MPa whereas maximum compressive strength is only about 35 to 40% of tensile strength. Yield strength differs in that the bolt or test coupon is pulled to failure, and the yield is calculated (using the 0.2% offset method) along with the tensile, elongation and reduction of area. @Vinod- We chose to use clamploads based on 75% of proofload simply because in a few publications, that seemed to be a semi-common practice. The shear strength, which I think you are concerned about would be about 60% of that value. Thank you. Finally, we divide the stress by strain to find the Youngs modulus of steel: E = / = 300*10 / 0.0015 = 200*10 = 200 GPa . Hi, Tensile strength can be divided into three types: yield strength, which is the amount of stress a material can withstand without becoming permanent deformed. Typically speaking, the 0.2% offset is only used when testing for yield strength, not for testing proof stress. In most cases, the strength of a given material used to make a fastener has strength requirements or parameters described as pounds per square inch (psi) or thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi). You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. Pls tell me how to calculate clamp load for bolt. Ultimate load = 420 x area of c\s. For an example, lets use normal draft. For example: allowable stress of A36 steel = 36,000 psi / 4.0 = 9,000 pounds per square inch. WebThe specific strength is bounded to be no greater than c2 ~ 9 1013 kN m / kg, where c is the speed of light. I was not able to find an exact definition in ACI318, but sections 4 through 6 in appendix D discuss steel strengths in detail. First, find the ultimate tensile strength using the formula above. The following formula is used to provide the solution :-. The tensile of the bar would be 60,600lbs. L stands for the length of the specified rod. Here F stands for applied force/load. Stress and strain Youngs modulus and elastic modulus Elastic behaviour of solids 54,865 Tensile Stress Unit Following is the table explaining the units and dimensional formula: @Shaira You should be OK, but it depends a bit on exactly how the bolts are being used and how the cabinets are attached to the framing. I want to calculate tension and shear capacity but from this link, it shows M12 and above for both Grade 8.8 and 10.9 https://www.engineersedge.com/hardware/countersunk_bolt_grade_109_13674.htm TVP (Materials) 20 May 06 13:40. The stress on the wire rope will be the load in Kg divided by the total cross sectional area Tensile Strength (PSI) Yield strength (PSI) Hardness Rockwell (B-Scale) Density (Kg/m) Stainless steel 304. The tensile value of bolts in the example above, and I believe, also in the strength requirements table, are given in ultimate, i.e. However, in ISO 898-1, which we believe BS3692 is based on, the yield strength for 8.8 is 640 MPa. plz guide me. In what book is it shown in. What is tensile strength? Convert Approx. I dont want to disturb the beam and slab by chipping of the concrete as the span is quite long and it is critical. Thanks for the catch. Type the value in the box next to Mpa (using the drop down to change the unit of measurement). tensile = 62500 Length of tube (inches) Set to 12 if you're just comparing materials Material Choose your material. L stands for the length of the specified rod. This is helpful when analyzing what grade of material should be used for a given application, but this doesnt tell us the actual strength of that diameter of material. While concrete is strong in compression, it is weak in tension and can easily crack. Sy = 58 Ksi ER316L rode yield strength unit of T = Pascal (Pa) or Newton per meter square or N x m- 2 Dimensional formula for tensile stress = M1L1T2 Tensile Strength Ultimate tensile strength formula: max = Pmax /A0 where A0 = original cross sectional area, Pmax = maximum load This value is usually much higher than the yield stress (as much as 50 to 60 percent more than the yield for some types of metals). Math can be tough, but with a little practice, anyone can master it. The shaft will extend beyond a pillow block bearing approximately 13 and will not be supported on the end. However, with the addition of a compressible gasket, we cant be sure if those charts apply as they are for steel to steel connections only. Starting from EU to ASTM, JIS, IS, GOST, DIN etc. The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. Mechanical Engineering questions and answers. Material choice would be ASTM A193 B7 or B8. Elongation = FL/AE. hi. Hello I was looking to write a test method validation for an elongation test which will be in compliance with the EN 45502-2-3 clause 23.3. In ACI318-14 clause 17.2.3.4.3 there is term: NOMINAL STEEL STRENGTH of anchor, I was wondering is this same as Yield Strength you defined above? How to calculate tensile strength of braided steel wire? Tensile strength is the opposite of compressive strength, and the two may have very different values. How can I calculate the breaking point ( The max weight load when it breaks) of an all thread with the length of 6. Calculate the strain felt by the Tensil strength of any material is available in many metalurgical sites on the internet. The specimen is held on opposite ends using clamps. most of the time I deal with ASTM OR API CODES WebRange Calculation: A tensile stress value is assumed for which the maximum expected load capacity of the rod is calculated. Below is a simple metal strength chart you can use to compare metals: Types of Metals. I am happy to contact my members here. If they think carefully, a competent person can figure out what will work. P (lbs) Load applied on the bolt by the internal pressure What FoS do we use? If that is the case, we do not have that equation. For an M6 and M8 bolt I need to determine the bolt length to withstand certain applied forces. @Success- Each individual manufacturer of eye bolts has a chart that lists what their bolts are rated at. WebTo calculate tensile strength, divide the ultimate force and the cross-sectional area the force is acting on. The commonly used strength indexes are yield strength and tensile strength. Thanks Ted, Frequently people are concerned about threads pulling through the nut (shearing the threads). WebHow do you calculate stress in steel? Load Distribution Point Load in Center Please advise minimum length of material required below the hole and beside the hole. Measure its initial length, L without any stress applied to the material. Multiply the length and width of the steel plate to determine its area. I wanted to know that for Tensile Strength Testing, what is the minimum length of the bolt that can be used? Thanks Ted. WebThe following are basic definitions and equations used to calculate the strength of materials. Type the value in the box next to Mpa (using the drop down to change the unit of measurement). It takes about twice as much force to stretch a spring twice as far. Mechanical Engineering. TS 1420 MPa approximately* =. WebTensile strength of steel:- the tensile strength of structural steel is 400 N/mm2 and for carbon steel is 841N/mm2, it can be also measured in SI unit Mega Pascal as 400 841MPa in India and other country but in US customary region measured in psi and their value is 58000 @Raghu- We are sorry, but we do not have any engineers on staff and so are unable to provide those calculations. In brittle materials the ultimate tensile strength is close to the yield point, whereas in ductile materials the ultimate tensile strength can be higher. could you give me an estimated weight just for comfort is it atleast 5000 lbs per bolt. A 5/8 lag bolt has a minor diameter of 0.471, which calculates to a stress area of 0.17497 sq. We, however, do not have any strength information about 1100 aluminum. It depends only on the maximum force and cross-section area. After manufacture the bar will be oil quench hardened to 1575-1625 degrees for 1.5hrs / heated to 950 degrees for 4 hours and air cooled. @Rezza- we are sorry, but we do not have any information about self drilling screws. Would this be an indication of poor quality control during production? A UTM is a tensile testing machine. In example, 12.9 rated bolt, industry standard reads 44-49 HRC. Load Distribution Point Load in Center WebFrom this curve we can determine: a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area where the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S. Im attempting to find the maximum weight an 1144 steel rod can hold at both ends, though Im not sure which type of equation to use. I would assume that when quantifying strength of any structural component that it is implied that it is assembled properly. @Mehmood- If you know the tensile strength of your fasteners, you can multiply it by the tensile stress areas of the threads, that will give you the minimum breaking strength of your bolt. [citation needed] Tenacity (textile strength) [ edit] The 0.57*TYS is probably taken from the von Mises/distortion energy/octahedral shear stress criterion, and it should be stated as shear yield strength = 0.577*tensile yield strength. Does the length of the bolt not affect the sheer tensile figure? @Dan- You are correct, 19kips. IS M5 BOLT SUFFICIENT TO CARRY WEIGHT OF 6Kg MOTOR HAVING 270 Kgcm TORQUE. Essentially, I am making a barbell, and will have weight plates on both ends of the bar. A bolt is designated to be 8.8 according to BS3692, what is the yield stress of the bolt? How do I find that information? The commonly used strength indexes are yield strength and tensile strength. WebAn approximate relationship between the hardness and the tensile strength (of steel) is, where HB is the Brinnell Hardness of the material, as measured with a standard indenter and a 3000 kgf load. Webfor Tensile/Yield & Charpy values. Apologies. "ratio ofstress (force per unit area) along an axis to strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis". Finally, we divide the stress by strain to find the Youngs modulus of steel: E = / = 300*10 / 0.0015 = 200*10 = 200 GPa . 24 in length, capable of handling 500 lbs static load and approximately 10,000 lbs dynamic load. Cite this Article. TS 1420 MPa approximately* =. WebUltimate tensile strength (also called UTS, tensile strength, TS, ultimate strength or ) within equations is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before breaking. Given a 3.25" long, 0.125" diameter rubber rod with tensile strength 1200 psi supported on both ends, how much weight can you hung from the middle of it without breaking it? Your email address will not be published. In general however, it is usually chemistry, mechanical properties, and manufacturing process that can differentiate one grade from another. So 36,000 x 0.226= 8,136lbs. In other words, a 3/4 diameter F1554 grade 36 anchor rod will be able to withstand 12,024 pounds force (lbf) without yielding. In order to calculate using the 0.2% offset method, you must first secure data from which a stress-strain diagram may be drawn. Thank you for your assistance. Is this correct? (Not Stainless). For example: allowable stress of A36 steel = 36,000 psi / 4.0 = 9,000 pounds per square inch. How to calculate tensile strength of braided steel wire? In the formula of torque value calculation there is mention clamp load= 75 % of proof load. RPstress (Aerospace) 23 May 06 14:01. Normally, the proof load values are about 90-92% of yield,but that can vary. We can calculate the torque needed to achieve a specific load, but the effects of torsion on yield? yield strength ~0.2%), draw mn parallel to OA, and thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the stress-strain curve corresponding to load R, which is the yield strength load. Yield : 44ksi Not every application will be the same. If your 12.9 bolts have readings that low, there had to be an error in either the manufacturing processes or in the testing procedures. SVP, comment calculer la gorge du boulons apres soudage. 12.9 bolts should never be anywhere near that soft. WebRange Calculation: A tensile stress value is assumed for which the maximum expected load capacity of the rod is calculated. To calculate the modulus of elasticity E of material, follow these steps:. @Ahmed- You would need to consult an engineer familiar with the project in order to determine that. Brinell Hardness uses a hard, spherical indenter which is forced into the surface of the metal to be tested. WebHow do you calculate stress in steel? @KL- We do not have a pdf available, but we do have many grades with their respective properties on our Strength Requirements By Grade page. @Kamlesh- I am sorry, but are not able to make recommendations for specific applications like this. Use the following calculator to convert yield or tensile values in ksi, Mpa, N/mm or psi. As for shear, the strength in the threads is approximately 25-30% less than the shear strength in the shank. Or give me the calculation of clamp load. how we calculate metal sheet strength by formula. The yield would be 54,500lbs, and the shear would be 36,360lbs. Hardness. This corresponds to the maximum stress that can be sustained by a structure in tension. WebTo calculate tensile strength, divide the ultimate force and the cross-sectional area the force is acting on. The applied tensile stress in a body is defined as the sum of the internal forces per unit area of the object. I never realized that the bolt would fail before the thread, with sufficient engagement and a female thread of equal strength. If a 1/4-20 x 5 threaded rod falls a distance of 3 to an uncarpeted shop floor, and there is no one in the building, will it make a sound? We don't save this data. WebWhat is the ultimate tensile strength of UTS? Continuing with the example from Step 1, multiplying five by six equals an area of 30 square inches. Tensile strength is typically quantified through units of pounds per square inch (PSI) or pascals (Pa). 1. The good news is that it is difficult to imagine a thread failure on a bolt and nut connection, but you should still check that it is installed properly for the anticipated loads, and make sure the assembly doesnt pull out of the connection material. how can we calculate safe thickness of circular plate made of 1490 LM6 aluminium plate whose diameter is 20 mm. @Ranjeet there is not a one-size-fits-all formula for proof stress. Strength of Metals - Imperial Units. @Paul- Apologies, but we do not have any information on stainless steel torque values. If this stress is applied and maintained, a fracture will result. I just want to know that how i calculate the strength of 12 mm hexagon bolts, for example, in one rack 08 bolts of 12 mm hold the rack, than how much weight capacity of the rack. Suggestions on 3rd party laboratory testing facilities? For example, a member with a cross-sectional area of 2 in sq and an applied load of 1000 pounds has a maximum tensile stress of 500 pounds per square inch (psi). Are there industry standards in hardness (Rockwell) for specific grades of bolts (primarily metric) what would a failed hardness test indicate in a bolts tensile strength? b, yield strength 90,000. @Jerod- 84-89 HRB hardness readings would indicate a strength close to mild, low carbon steel (grade 2, 4.6, A307). The resulting tensile will 163,000 can you tell me the load strength in pounds. I am currently working on a project that involves the use of a hydraulic torque wrench to tighten a series of nuts on an oil field blow out preventer or otherwise known as a B.O.P. In other words, a 3/4 diameter F1554 grade 36 anchor rod will be able to withstand 19,372 pounds force (lbf) without breaking. I was wondering if 3/4 threaded rod is overkill since I will be drilling through the 6 inch wide section of the timber. WebThe ultimate tensile strength of a material is calculated by dividing the area of the material tested (the cross section) by the stress placed on the material, generally expressed in terms of pounds or tons per square inch of material. We are not sure. Stress and strain Youngs modulus and elastic modulus Elastic behaviour of solids 54,865 Tensile Stress Unit Following is the table explaining the units and dimensional formula: The first three or four threads shoulder the lions share of the burden, then it diminishes beyond that. 1=56,520lbs. (suggested range: 390 ~ 2450 MPa) Approx. If you want something to be able to withstand more force the simplest approach is to increase the cross-section or get a stronger material. Tensile strength is measured by elongating a specimen in a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). Since there is a range of values of tensile strength shall we use lower value to calculate thickness 3. This limit is achieved by electric and magnetic field lines, QCD flux tubes, and the fundamental strings hypothesized by string theory. Convert Approx. It is typically measured using the split cylinder test or the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C78 method for determining flexural strength. They are supporting a 100 ton rod shaped stator field. Use the following calculator to convert Izod or Charpy values from Joules (J) to foot/pound (ft/lbs) or vice versa. That is information we do not have. Second, I think you are mistaking the purpose of braided wire. a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, is the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area in which the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S.) how can i compute the 8-1/2 diameter steel to find the ultimate yield and tensile strength? WebFrom this curve we can determine: a) the tensile strength, also known as the ultimate tensile strength, the load at failure divided by the original cross sectional area where the ultimate tensile strength (U.T.S. Looking for the minimum tensile strength that would be needed to be applied in the center in order to distort/bend the tube/axle. Slow down there, Dane, you should qualify that the bolt will always fail in tensile as opposed to thread stripping statement. WebL = length of object (m, in) Stress - Stress is force per unit area and can be expressed as = F / A (2) where = stress (N/m2, lb/in2, psi) F = applied force (N, lb) A = stress area of object (m2, in2) tensile stress - stress that tends to stretch or lengthen the material - acts normal to the stressed area Once the tensile capacity (or strength) of the material is assessed, engineers will typically calculate the applied stress in the component. What i mean is (and this is an unrealistic and exaggerated example), imagine 1/2 inch bolts/nuts bolting into aluminum siding panels unless you have large washers, the bolts can be pulled right out of the siding. We primarily handle larger, custom anchor bolts. Many ASTM specifications have published tables for proof load values, but not all do. Apologies. How do you calculate tensile strength? any ideas? We calculate the stress, using the stress formula: = F/A = 30*10 / (1*10) = 300*10 = 300 MPa . 6 dia pipe. @Arash- Thank you for your interest, but we do not manufacture A574 cap screws, and so therefore we do not have a stress-strain curve to share. If your structure is rigid enough that it does not wobble about, it will be very strong. The applied tensile stress in a body is defined as the sum of the internal forces per unit area of the object. E stands for the modulus of elasticity of the material. Yield strength is defined in engineering as the amount of stress (Yield point) that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation. 1020 is pushing the limits of weldable. Once the tensile capacity (or strength) of the material is assessed, engineers will typically calculate the applied stress in the component. There are 3 different types of tensile strengths: Tensile yield strength Ultimate tensile strength Fracture tensile strength The yield strength is the strength a metal has before it begins to plastically deform. yield strength ~0.2%), draw mn parallel to OA, and thus locate r, the intersection of mn with the stress-strain curve corresponding to load R, which is the yield strength load. How do you calculate tensile strength? I cannot tell you . Strength: This refers to a metals ability to withstand permanent deformation and fracture when subjected to external forces. Mechanical Engineering questions and answers. Pr=2.94Ks Hydrostatic test pressure Portland Bolt & Manufacturing Company, LLC, FAQ on bolt shear strength considerations, https://www.portlandbolt.com/technical/strength-requirements-by-grade/, https://www.engineersedge.com/hardware/countersunk_bolt_grade_109_13674.htm, https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/statics-t_63.html, https://www.engineersedge.com/thread_strength/thread_minimum_length_engagement_fed-std-h28.htm, https://www.iccsafe.org/Pages/default.aspx, difficulty of calculating strength values for lag bolts.