whiteside router bits feeds and speeds

0000001464 00000 n 0000002577 00000 n This is why they make an ideal choice for you. I just tried out an Amana bowl and tray bit #45982. only want to use bits that are in excellent condition. Every bit is a little different and there is a wide range of densities in solid wood and different sheet goods. In todays world of Internet news and online content, we found that more and more professionals researched a large majority of their major power tool purchases online. Begin the cut at the center of your shape and work out in a spiral-like pattern, this will provide support for your router if your shape is larger than its base. I have been wanting to do some detailed 3d carves recently where the 3d object sits proud of the surface. Therefore depending on the diameter of the tool, if the RPM and number of cutter edges stay the same chip load will increase with a larger diameter cutter, thus the feed rate will also increase. Had it set at 16,00 rmp with a feed rate of 140 ipm and a plunge rate of 70. Power Tools. x 20,000 rpm = 125,660 in/min. Also the milling motor you use is not made for this, neither for such large diameter bits, nor for stationary use in a cnc machine. xref Understand Surface Speed and Chipload to dial in your Sweet Spot. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled. If you are using the Makita RT0701C (110v) router that comes with X-Carves purchased after November 2021, the spindle speed varies from 10,000 RPM at the lowest setting (1) up to 30,000 RPM at the highest setting (6). The blue shaded area indicates where material will be removed. The premium carbide construction makes these profiles sturdy, highly durable and long-lasting. Whiteside has been winning for over 30 years and here are some of their top router bits that have brought in their repeat customers. A smart collection of books, magazines, electronics kits, robots, microcontrollers, tools, supplies, and more %%EOF Also if the brushes are getting near the end of their service life they will begin to arc more and can cause excessive heat, sparking and smoke from the router. In the handheld example above, a clockwise spiral-like pattern from the inside out would also be a conventional cut and will provide more control because we have limited strength when using handheld tools. Or it will not stay within the vector lines. Before discussing or using a CNC router it is helpful to know how to use a handheld router. The same applies to chip load if the recommended chip load is 0.1 mm/tooth the RPM, feed or number of cutting edges may go up or down to maintain the required chip load. - Forget that doing some test cuts on a spare piece of material is a good way of checking settings before running your main program, - Use worn or damage router bits which can cause overheating and poor cut quality. A free program that lights childrens creative fires and allows them to explore projects in areas such as arts & You will be pleased every time you use one of these fine products. The acceleration model is great bit really skews tests like this. %PDF-1.4 % Its unsettling (but easy) to imagine the damage that can be done by metal flying in any direction at 120 mph. whatsapp +919996200285, Can anyone describe the types of routine maintenance youve regularly performed on CNC routers or machines. Take a look at the GWizard calculator Bob Warfield offers at CNCCookbook. There are many resources available to help determine suitable settings for particular material / router bit combinations. Will be running tests , but as a starting point. In addition, we use third-party cookies to help us analyze and understand usage. These will be stored in your browser only with your consent and you have the option to opt-out. 0000014372 00000 n Hence finding the perfect bit becomes key for the successful completion of a project. As for the pilot holes, I want to do 1/8" pilots about 1/4" deep. For this machining method the workpiece and the machine must be rigid. startxref Freud vs Whiteside vs MLCS: Which Router bit brand is good ? Spindle go 5k to 10k. One of the only reasons why it has a comparatively low rating. Typical chip thickness values for various size cutters. Are the default jerk settings on the 1f working for most people? x 20,000 rpm = 125,660 in/min. 3-inch diameter bit = 3.142 x 3 in. black panther 2 box office collection worldwide till now. As a beginner, it would be to start with MCLSs starter kits so you get the hang of how to use these tools at a reasonable cost but as you move from beginner to advanced a switch to Whiteside is recommended. If you see even the slightest hint of damage, get a new bit. Its sharpness and large shear angle allows it to cut up/down the grain with ease. Worked great for bigger cuts with long straight edges, but small shapes with sharp corners at that speed was a disaster. = 6.28 in. Founded in 1970 as a general-purpose machine shop, this company was involved in making repairs and special parts for the furniture and woodworking industry. Download it to a folder on your computer 2. The bit profile produced by Whiteside feature consistent quality, long-lasting performance, and superior cut found only among the industrys finest brands of router bits. YMMV. It is difficult to decide which of these brands are good as each of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. 0000001247 00000 n If you could take the cut shavings from each cut and compare them you would see where the differences in speeds is creating larger or smaller chips. 3. Then use our FREE comprehensive technical support to help you optimise the speeds and feeds appropriate to your equipment and materials. Brazed Carbide inserts on the end of all three wings give you a smooth finish. Generally the larger the bit the more scalping shows so running lower or less stepover percentages decreases the length of these scalping marks. If I were cutting 3/4 in plywood it would actually measure somewhere around 0.72 inches, I would step down twice, 0.34 per pass leaving 0.04 inches plus 0.02 breakthrough for the last toolpath to remove. What I meant is that for milling pockets, I would consider a 1.125 (29 mm) bit as much too large. 2091 23 Because Im stepping down almost 3/8 of an inch while cutting the full 1/4 inch width of the bit in each pass, I would have to lower the feed rate. One thing to remember is to make chips not dust. The best way to sort out speed & feed settings is to experiment yourself until you find settings that work well for you. In a very short amount of time with minimal effort, you can improve the look of a boring edge. It seems like an overly cautious measure many times, but consider the likely scenario of a small 1/8 inch carbide bit shattering. Let the tool do the work and feel the tool. It also saves time by minimizing your sanding efforts helping you achieve a clean look and completing your project faster. Depth of cut will effect edge finish as well as tool life. There are many brands that sell router bits, many more to put to the test and experiment with. Whiteside router bits come in different shapes and sizes. (mm per tooth)Z= RPM, the speed at which the cutter revolves in the spindle. You are excited and ready to use that router bit, until you start to use it. Subscribe to the premier DIY magazine today, Community access, print, and digital Magazine, and more. Their rigid quality control and precision manufacturing tools have resulted in high ratings and good reviews in magazines like Fine Woodworking year after year. One of the most important of these factors is the Chipload per Tooth (Cpt). JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. Router bits are used to shape your project so if they are off you can consider your project finished. I have found that I cannot exceed 50 inch/min and get good results. Would love your thoughts, please comment. accessible by all ages and skill ranges. In fact, many woodworking books refer to this method as the only safe direction to use a router bit. Whiteside router profiles ranked high on the scale of sharpness and superior cut. Here is a list of pros and cons to help you make a better assessment of Whiteside router bit profiles: Whiteside router bits are made from solid alloy steel which is precision ground for proper balance, even at high RPMs. Now we can calculate the rim speedor the speed at any point along the outside edge of the cutting router bitusing the following equation: Rim Speed = circumference x router speed (RPM). Therefore depending on the diameter of the tool, if the RPM and number of cutter edges stay the same chip load will increase with a larger diameter cutter, thus the feed rate will also increase. 0000002690 00000 n Each of these profiles is made from high-quality, thick micro-grain carbide so that it can withstand additional sharpening. How can I open these files to look at? x 20,000 rpm = 62,830 in/min. Keep in touch. Click here for the Materials Guide. Whiteside router bits also last a long time and are worth what you pay for them. Shop now or call 563-387-7315 1) Never use the .tool file for any bit other than the specified Whiteside part number. This bit can cut through 100 curly maple display boards leaving a glass-like finish with no burn and absolutely zero tear-out. 0000000016 00000 n We promise we wont spam by Daniel S Mon Oct 08, 2018 7:02 pm, Post Then decrease speed by 10%. There are many different ways to program any job, but this method is a catchall for small parts and a good finished edge with no tear out on a vacuum table with a spoilboard. BUT. Feeds and Speeds A challenge of getting a good CNC cut is in selecting the best cutting speed (feed rate) and router/ spindle RPM (speed of rotation). 2 Additional Resources If you don't want to watch the full video, here are some helpful resources: Save over 40% off the annual cover price for a full year (4 issues) of Make. Freud is a highly dependable brand that delivers quality. 0000001414 00000 n These bits also have the added advantage of being sharpened additionally to suit your needs. A larger cutter will be able to handle a larger chip load. I am adding it as a new tool in Carbide Create - but I cannot find anywhere (including Whitesides web site) what the recommended numbers should be for : feeds and speeds for whiteside 1372 bowl and tray bit Julien (Julien (Carbide 3D)) October 27, 2021, 7:48pm #2 Can you use a bowl bit for juice grooves.? Their can-do attitude, excellent customer service, and innovative ideas put them on the map for top quality, industry-grade router bit profiles which are a complete line of carbide and carbide tipped bits that can serve all your needs. Find the best Woodworking Tools & Supplies at the best prices. PDF files with drawings of each tool are also available on each product page. crafts, science & engineering, design, and technology. Most machine controllers allow you to adjust the feed rate while a program is running and by listening to the sound the cutter makes this can be a good way of optimizing the parameters.Feed rate is calculated using the following equation:Feed = N x T x ZN = number of cutting edges (flutes)T= chip load (chip per tooth) is the amount of material, which should be removed by each tooth of the cutter as it rotates and advances into the work. Ive been trying to get this changed. If you are running at 18000 RPM using a 25mm cutter with two flutes, and a recommended chip load of 0.1 mm/tooth: If the RPM were increased to 24000 RPM the new feed rate would work out to be: When calculating the feed rate for any material the chip load is therefore one of the most important factors to be taken into account because the chip load determines the amount of material that each tooth will remove, plus the load that each tooth will have to take. The guy at the bit place was saying that the rpms should be quite low and the feed rate be quite high. For chip load in wood go .001 to .005". Whiteside router bits have many advantages and key features, their accuracy, cut, durability, and performance make them one of a kind. microcontrollers including Arduino and Raspberry Pi, Drones and 3D Printing, and more. Grab a couple of router bits with dramatically different diameters to get a sense of the importance of rim speed. Please send a link if you have (although Im in South Africa). It is highly durable thanks to its carbide tip construction and definitely the most affordable brand. Every woodworker understands that excellent quality woodworking doesnt just come from the type of wood but from the skill and tools used. The job will run on a Shopbot with 4 hp spindle and ER20 collet. You will typically start off with the calculated feed rate. Whiteside SC062 Standard Straight Bit with Solid Carbide 1/16-Inch Cutting Diameter and 3/16-Inch Cutting Length were found to be hard to use and of poor quality. Look at the quality of the edge after the cut has been completed. Some basic geometry quickly illuminates the fact that 1.5-inch diameter and 3.5-inch diameter bits running at the same RPMs have dramatically different rim speeds at the edge. Been a while - things have been going ok, with the machine until I tried to make a batch of trays yesterday. I would run 23% stepover for that size bit. It will not allow you to save your files, but you can experiment and learn for free. Interesting, i would not think of using a surfacing bit this way due to its name. As you work your way toward the sketched lines, try making both clockwise and counterclockwise motions and notice that one direction provides far more control and accuracy. Also, always wear your safety glasses. It is highly durable and a great investment. Fine Woodworking conducted an experiment by putting 18 top-of-the-line router bit performers through a torture test to find the top two bits. The size of the chipload or feed per tooth is a very important factor in machining, larger chips are able to pull away more heat. I also keep plunge rate low when using end mills or ball nose bits. 5) Follow all safety recommendations of the power tool manufacturer. The idea is to step down by level first, so cut all your parts down to the first step, then to the second step and so on, leaving a thin layer of veneer at the bottom of each cut. The Whiteside are solid carbide: 1/8" Ball Nose w/ 1/16" Radius (SC66), 3/16" Ball Round Nose w/ 3/32" Radius (RU1800RN) and 1/4" Ball Round Nose Bit w/ 1/8" Radius (RU2075RN). Bits can accumulate sap and wood material so be sure to wipe them off after each use to keep them in good, sharp working order. Usually a depth of cut that equals the radius of the cutter is a good starting point when cutting non-ferrous metals. Was thinking of time saving. You almost need to record the screen during the largest diameter cut for each and see what speed it was running at and compare surface of each outer ring. A project collaboration and documentation platform. <]/Prev 264125/XRefStm 1199>> Avoiding a few broken tools or getting more life out of them might make it worth it to you. If asked which brand is for router bits, Freud would definitely be the answer but when you look at value for money and all the other features Whiteside stands out. 2113 0 obj <>stream Tool Manufacturers and Tool Brands by Logo. Whiteside 470 Undersized Plywood Dado 3 Piece Set with 7/32-Inch,15/32-Inch, and 23/32-Inch Cutting Diameter with 1/2-Inch Shank:it is a great choice for hardwood but a tight fit for most plywood. The Sweet Spot determines how the relationship between speed (spindle rpm) and feedrate need to come together for good cutting results. I encourage students to spend time with 2D cuts before using full 3D toolpaths. 0000006526 00000 n Its helpful to make a chart so you can quickly find the numbers you are looking for. Use Cutter Shop's CNC router Feeds and Speeds Calculator to determine approximate router production throughputs. Variable speed dial allows to match the speed based on the application requirement. 14 people found . Want more? Building a piece of furniture can put your woodworking skills to the test but completing that project gives you a sense of accomplishment that is beyond words. Climb cutting is often preferred when using a CNC router, as it causes less grain tearing or tearout. However, climb cutting can be dangerous on a noncomputer controlled router, as the piece may be hard to control by hand and may walk away.. Post Make a quick sketch on a 12x12 piece of scrap plywood and use a -inch bit to cut it out. endstream endobj 1975 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/Index[71 1883]/Length 61/Size 1954/Type/XRef/W[1 1 1]>>stream Each of these flute patterns has their downfalls. Their design ensure that they maintain their balance even at high speeds which in turn minimizes costly errors. Customers rated this product 3.8 stars because it broke upon use. He has an extensive knowledge in Rhino3d and related software. However, these reviews and ratings have been useful in making an unbiased assessment of the bits produced by this company. That can result in a loss of control or worse. If you were to want to cut out your shape instead of removing material inside the lines, the toolpath to use would be called a profile (or contour). By downloading any of these .tool files, you acknowledge the safety information below. They tested carbide tipped router bits through various techniques and surfaces. A larger cutter will be able to handle a larger chip load. Your doc is too much for that bit. Whiteside RD2100 Standard Spiral Bit with Down Cut Solid Carbide 1/4-Inch Cutting Diameter and 1-Inch Cutting Length is a bit that is known to hold up even if you cut through a 48 linear feet of 3/4 medium density fiberboard. Routing at the best combination of Feed Rate and RPM is . Rockler bits are made with high-quality ISO K10 and K20 carbide and are sharpened with 600-800 diamond abrasives. I also believe you may be pushing the bit as your feed rates are low. Try a practice cut the adjust your feeds n speeds. by ger21 Sat Oct 06, 2018 4:53 pm, Post Tape Measure Markings: What Are They For? Whiteside router profiles seem to have achieved the impossible by having no disadvantages. Start off using an RPM derived for the chip load for the material being cut (see charts). Their downloadable, detailed catalog makes it easy to understand the uses of each of these bits which are also subcategorized to help you with making the right choice for the project. Maybe because you have imperial history and also many goods are imported from the U.S., you use imperial units too? They perform well but do not last long. Whiteside Router Bits RD1600 Standard Spiral Bit with Down Cut Solid Carbide 1/8-Inch Cutting Diameter and 1/2-Inch Cutting Length . Another factor is depth of cut. 0000012366 00000 n Depending on the size of your bit, the chipload for plywood is between 0.005 inches 0.01 inches per tooth. Their superior quality and cutting edge technology rank them highly. In this case they are inch and 2 flutes. You cant clock that, so use the RPM as a proxy for rim MPH. You can be sure to get your moneys worth from this product. Whiteside router bits are comparatively less expensive. These are subject to an intensive manufacturing process that makes them what they are. What sort of bit would you use as a clearance tool here? Industrial Quality Router Bits , CNC Router Bits , Saw Blades, Shaper Cutters, Boring Bits & Planer and Jointer Knives by Amana Tool Spoilboard Surfacing Insert CNC Router Bits 2023 Whiteside Machine Company. Shapeoko I use a bowl bit quite regularly, it works great! What would you suggest for feed, speed and DOC for a 1/4 endmill to hog out these pockets in a reasonable about of time? 4) Disconnect power when changing bits or making adjustments, and always leave the power disconnected when not in use. Using your feedback, I was able to surface my spoilboard. Another factor that affects chip load is the diameter of the cutter. you with bogus information. Router bits made by Whiteside are famous for leaving smooth surfaces on the workpiece, that will require almost no sanding at all making your effort to achieve a smooth look a little less. To wrap up, the quality of Whiteside router bits affect the quality of the cuts you make and ultimately the overall outcome of your project. Lol I used the .tool file. I am making my first tray with a 3/4" bowl bit from whiteside (1372) and my workpiece keeps getting mangled. Dont try larger bits or use any after-market devices designed to lower the RPM. Here are some links where to buy milling bits: Milling bits in Imperial/U.S. These profiles are balanced, sharp, durable and do not wear or break upon repeated use. The bit will take too big of a bite and move my board. Find a special something for the makers in your life. http://staff.mica.edu/rmckibbin/CNC/Speeds-and-Feeds.html. 1/4" CD, 1/4" SH, 3/4" CL (for pocketing and profiles) Pass Depth: 0.125", Stepover .1 (40%), Spindle speed: 18,153, Feed Rate: 137 inch/min, Plunge Rate: 67 inch/min. Usually in normal use of a hand trim router you dont use bits larger than 1/2 (12.7 mm). Sometimes it can be more efficient to use a higher feed rate and two or more passes rather than a single cut at a low feed rate. 0000007999 00000 n The router can use the bit it just does not handle the mass well. Operate the tool only when hand-held. The makita router is not strong enough to push this bit. Dont think Im running my 1/4 em fast or deep enough so this type of clearance is taking a bit too long for me. Larger chips pull away more heat, which means its easier on the tool and prolongs the life of the bit. I would mill such pockets with a 8 mm bit, not a 29 mm bit. The rim speed difference at equalRPMs is more than twice that for the 3.5-inch bit than the 1.5-inch one! The Edge Cutter is reader-supported website. Using the 1/4" for roughing and the smaller for finish. Use your ears too, the tool should sound good when cutting trust your gut. = 3.142 in. 0000021688 00000 n To obtain the optimum Chipload, you must consider these variables, along with the machine and materials you intend to cut. The Sweet Spot determines how the relationship between speed (spindle rpm) and feedrate need to come together for good cutting results. There are also several factors to be considered when choosing the proper RPM and feedrate.The feed rate used depends upon a variety of factors, including power and rigidity of the machine, rigidity of part hold-down, spindle horsepower, depth and width of cut, sharpness of cutting tool, design and type of cutter, and the material being cut.To obtain the optimum Chipload, you must consider these variables, along with the machine and materials you intend to cut. I want to use it for the MDF spoilboard but also for Hard Woods. This is .125doc and 3.5 on the makita router. 0000001624 00000 n These are highly tolerant bits that deliver a flawless finish. These bits have high hook and relief angles for better chip ejection giving them superior edge quality. 0000021318 00000 n There are certain parameters that must be considered, before setting up any file for cutting if you are to accomplish the finish and accuracy required. 0000005228 00000 n Whiteside 401 Basic Router Bit Set, 1/2-Inch Shank, 7 Pieces is a handy toolbox that comes with all the commonly used router bits. 0000007923 00000 n Freuds computer-balanced bits offer vibration, chatter-free operation, and an anti-kickback design. It can also exaggerate even the tiniest imbalance in the bit or router and cause vibration or a dangerous bit failure. Be advised that using a router bit/depth not specified could be potentially dangerous. Ryan's work is rooted in traditional techniques with interests in CAD/CAM. We mainly sell to U.S. rather than to buy there: Of course here inch collets are also available (for both trim router (UK version) and ER spindles) for those who want to use milling bits from the USA, but its not that common. 0000010874 00000 n Therefore if chip load remains the same, and feed rate increases, either the RPM and or number of cutting edges must increase to maintain the recommended chip load.When calculating the feed rate for any material the chip load is therefore one of the most important factors to be taken into account because the chip load determines the amount of material that each tooth will remove, plus the load that each tooth will have to take. Not sure if its incorrect jerk setting or what I should be looking at, but on short toolpaths with high feed Rate, my machine goes completely off path. Thats a large endmill, so youll want to move reasonably quickly, and at a suitable RPM. The main difference between climb and conventional cutting is how the cutter bites into the material. Keeping in mind that we dont want to push the bit any faster than roughly 200ipm, if we wanted to use a 1/2 inch 4 flute bit, we could solve for spindle speed rather than feed rate. CAM will be generated by Vectric V-Carve 8 Pro. Powered by Discourse, best viewed with JavaScript enabled, Whiteside 6210 Spoilboard surfacing speeds and feeds. It only takes a little woodworking experience to find many ways to do things incorrectly. Can anyone suggest these figures? Whats the Difference Between Master and Journeyman Electricians? I have a 1" rocker bit which is similar. Click here to download a chart of recommended Ball Nose cutting speeds and feeds (PDF). Never use dull or damaged cutters. A celebration of the Maker Movement, a family-friendly showcase of invention and creativity that gathers Use a bit smaller than 3/8 inch and use a step of less than the radius of the bit. 2. Using a router to form beautifully finished edges on wood is an analog to painting a drab room. With a 1/4 inch bit I should be stepping down 1/8 of an inch (the radius) when making contour cut using a chipload of 0.01 inches. by cconway Sat Oct 06, 2018 4:59 pm, Post The router is rated at a max of 1.25 HP which might be insufficient for the load the bit is placing on it - you might be able to achieve the same material removal rate with a smaller bit and larger DoC value that will require less torque from the router. Dont get too carried away with the numbers, use your common sense and trust your gut. Some users claim the tip snapped off and hence it has been rated poorly. This was obvious in the fact that the circular motions were not getting much faster than previous runs however the straight slide move between each circle was faster. These files can be loaded into Vectric software (version 8.5 and later) including Aspire, VCarve, and similar software formats. by scottp55 Mon Oct 08, 2018 8:15 pm, Powered by phpBB Forum Software phpBB Limited, This forum is for general discussion about Aspire. Sign Up GIVE A WOODCRAFT GIFT CARD Ive done 0.2 DOC, 80ipm, 14-16K, and ~75% step over without a problem. You just draw your spoil board in Carbide Create and create a toolpath to pocket the area. How is it that a makita router can handle this bit only for that? Showcasing amazing maker projects of 2022, Ryan McKibbin is a lecturer and the Fabrication Labs Director at Catholic University's School of Architecture and Planning where he teaches Furniture Design and Digital Fabrication. Stepover 0.45in I did a similar test with the same bit and found when you go to .25 doc and get over 250ipm the makita starts to struggle and is probably the max it will go. When chip load is too high, the tool will deflect creating a bad surface finish and, in extreme. 3) Do not remove safety guards, and be sure to always feed against the cutter rotation. CHAPTER 3. A toolpath is the user-defined coded route which a cutting tool follows to machine a part. ch [email protected].Shipping Weight: 1 lbs. Of course, running bits too slowly can also cause vibration that damages the stock. Set the bit so that it cuts no more than 1/8 of an inch deep per pass, and be sure to secure the plywood to your table. Freud is known for its technological advancements in the router bit business. Most spindles (the term for the router attached to your cnc router) will go from about 7,000rpm to 18,000rpm. It is surely a one-time investment because of its durability. Sometimes it can be more efficient to use a higher feed rate and two or more passes rather than a single cut at a low feed rate. The router profiles hold up regardless of the material you are cutting and that in itself is your moneys worth. I did not buy one for use in the Onefinity. 5k-10k on the spindle seems low. curated by us, the people behind Make: and the Maker Faire. Ill make sure to do that on my next bit speed video! The Whiteside technical support recommends 100 IPM and 15,000 rpm. Whiteside Router Bit UDFT5152 Flush Trim Up/Down Spiral Bit is a great performer offering a state-of-the-art result. In the words of a trusted user The last cut was as perfect as the first. Feeds and Speeds Calculators for You. This speed is termed spindle speed and is directly related to the feed rate or surface speed, which most machines are capable of doing up to about 200ipm. Feedrate ? Other formulas Ive seen dont include the cutter diameter in the equation. There are some expensive bearings in there that will be destroyed if you skip this step. It is a great product to achieve those fine details. This is a similar symptom to your router speed being too fast, albeit without the burning or additional damage made to the wood. Straight flutes are also fantastic, inexpensive and underrated. You must have JavaScript enabled in your browser to utilize the functionality of this website. Heres a general guide, or router bit speed chart to get you started. - Make sure you have the right router bit for the material to be processed, - Look up recommended settings when programming for a new type of material of router bit, - Check with your machine supplier if you arent achieving the expected quality or productivity, - Make sure your collet is not worn and the tool is fitted correctly, - Start with lower feed and plunge rates if not sure to avoid potential tool breakage or machine damage, - Forget that doing some test cuts on a spare piece of material is a good way of checking settings before running your main program - Use worn or damage router bits which can cause overheating and poor cut quality - Continue cutting if you hear an unusual cutting noise.