He was only 25 years old. For more than 30 years, Bob served as our global ambassador and as a special assistant to David Stern and then me, traveling the world to teach the games values and make a positive impact on young people everywhere, Silver said in a statement. But by the end of that decade he was signed on as a recording artist in his own right and made waves as a singer, most notable for his duets with Roberta Flack, Where is the Love? and The Closer I Get to You. Despite his success, Hathaway battled depression that led to an apparent suicide; investigators say he leaped from a 15th-floor room in a New York City hotel, on Jan. 13, 1979. Aside from being a civil rights champion, particularly for his hometown of Albany, Georgia, Charles Sherrod was also known for being an early SNCC leader willing to work with white volunteers even after tension developed over the role of whites in the organization. With over two dozen top 40 hits in his catalog, Cooke was also one of the first African American musical artists to become an entrepreneur. Dowse was also the dialogue coach for four seasons of the hit show Girlfriends. The HipHopDX website first reported Kay Slays death. In a statement, his former team said, Demaryius humility, warmth, kindness and infectious smile will always be remembered by those who knew him and loved him., bell hooks (September 25, 1952 December 15, 2021)An acclaimed author, activist and professor, hooks was best known for writing books and articles about the connection between race, gender, class and spirituality. Woolfolks influence on Earth, Wind & Fire is unmatched. The following year, an eye injury derailed Shavers career before he mounted a comeback several years later to little fanfare, bringing an end to his professional boxing days in 1987. He later transitioned from player to scout to member of the coaching staff. Michael Clarke Duncan died on September 03, 2012. A fistula is an abnormal connection between the bladder and colon.
Her talent was on full display with her iconic 1975 single, Loving You. The classically-trained singer went on to release other successful songs. He had those great, smooth, classical moves that you just dont teach, Arizona State head coach Frank Kush said in a prior interview with NFL Films.
The 10 Most Shocking Celebrity Deaths of the Past 5 Years! However, an official cause of death was not immediately reported. John Witherspoon died on October 29, 2019. Subscribe to Newsletter Franco Harris was arguably one of the best running back in NFL history. At first I would say wow, but looking back, it would have been nice to have had that during active duty, but it didnt happen that way, McGee told U.S. Airforce News. Free online workshop! Modu was one of the first directors of photography at The Source in the 90s and photographed 30 covers for the publication. Working with guitarist Reggie Lucas, Mtume co-wrote the classic The Closer I Get to You sung by Roberta Flack and Donny Hathaway. The rapper was fatally shot while buying cookies in Memphis. However, in August 1976, she announced that she had breast cancer and had to undergo a mastectomy. Coverage from cuse.com highlighted much of Orrs career at Syracuse. After being pulled over for a traffic violation, the police told Mr Wright he was being arrested for an outstanding warrant. The biggest record of his career, however, was the timeless classic Sitting on the Dock of the Bay. Unfortunately, Redding would not live to see how consequential his signature song became as it was released a month after his death in a plane crash on Dec. 10, 1967. Virgil Abloh died at the age of 41 in November 2021. Comedian David A. Arnold died Sept. 7 at the age of 54. The Ruff Ryders rapper suffered a heart attack following a drug overdose. One of the last remaining Tuskegee Airmen, McGee was p. romoted to the rank of Brigadier General on his 100th birthday. Teddy Ray had the gift when it came to stand-up comedy and making people laugh. He died frompancreatic cancerat his home in Los Angeles. In an old interview with actor and writer Stanley Dyrector, Brown said he was always performing as a child. The family asks for privacy at this time as we mourn this tremendous loss and celebrate his everlasting legacy.. The late actress earned an Emmy nomination for her work on the comedy, and she won an Emmy for her starring role on NBC's short-lived Amy Prentiss in the 1970s. Dorothy Pitman Hughes, a noted feminist who was also renowned for her work advocating for child welfare as well as being an activist, died On Dec. 1 at the age of 84, the Associated Press. Born Robert Ross, he was best known for his legendary single Whoa! from his debut album, True Story. became a part of public discourse during the confirmation hearing. 2, The Champions: North Meets South (with Greg Street), and More Than Just a DJ. Kay Slay was also a record executive and a radio personality for Sirus XM radio. SistersInc. My dear brother is gone. She didnt protest (too loudly) about the smear job done on her by Republican hatchet men. DJ Kay Slay, a pioneering graffiti writer-turned hip-hop star responsible for a string of hits over a musical career spanning decades, died Sunday following months of complications from COVID-19. He was 31 years old. Actor Tommy Tiny Lister died on December 10, 2020. As an. Max Julien is writer, director, producer who did The Mack,' Townsend said. 'Dilbert' Comic Creator Calls Black People A 'Hate Group,' Urges Segregation So Whites Can 'Escape', Bernie Mac Show Star Camille Winbush Is Not Ashamed Of Joining OnlyFans, Kyle Rittenhouse Faces 2nd Civil Lawsuit, Continues To Beg For Money From His Supporters, Ben Stein's 'Aunt Jemima' Rant Is A Master Class On White Privilege, Why Did tWitch Kill Himself? Dowse was a five-time recipient of the NAACPs Best Director award. Girls Aloud fans and several celebrities took to social media to shared their condolences. (Dec. 24, 1962 June 5, 2018)The fashion designer built a billion-dollar brand from scratch, and became best known for her iconic high-end handbags, coveted for their elegant simplicity and status statement.
", AARP Membership LIMITED TIME FLASH SALE. Jovita Moore(October 4, 1967 October 28, 2021)The longtime Atlanta news anchor died at age 53 after a battle with brain cancer. When he turned back and moved towards Wilson, the fatal shots were fired, according to witnesses. in English/Theatre from Norfolk State University. Contact After a four-year stint as Culture Editor at, Economic Equity & Racial Justice Townhall Series, Elevate Black Podcast sponsored by Fifth Third Bank, 100 Founders of Change by American Express, Chasing Success Podcast by JP Morgan Chase, Black Business Month Sponsored by Nationwide, 2022 Registry Of Corporate Directors Listing, 2021 BE Registry Of Corporate Directors Listing.
45 Celebrities Who Died Over the Past 10 Years - eBaum's World Virgil Abloh(September 30, 1980 November 28, 2021)Abloh was a celebrated fashion designer and founder of the popular street wear label, Off White.
List of murdered hip hop musicians - Wikipedia She died from a brain aneurysm at home August 26, 2004. His high-pitched notes were immediately recognizable. I hadnt even been notified, Samuels-Burchtold NBC News. In 2017, she appeared alongside Sonequa Martin-Green at the premiere of Star Trek: Discovery. The 32-year-olds cause of death remains unknown. Great memories. A beloved staple of Atlanta news, Moore joined WSB-TV, Channel 2, an ABC affiliate, in 1998 as an evening anchor. Stoker's cause of death was not immediately reported. A talented musician, singer, and songwriter; Hendrix revolutionized the use of the electric guitar with a distorted amp soundbreathing new life into rock music. Last month McGee celebrated his 102nd birthday at Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio, Tx. Beverly Samuels-Burch took umbrage at the rumors on social media. Inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1984, Taylor spent 14 years with the Washington team first as a halfback and then wide-receiver. She passed away on July 17, 1959. During his NBA career, he was named to several NBA All-Defensive teams and appeared in multiple All-Star games. but one was dismissed and the other suspended from the police. BLACK ENTERPRISE is the premier business, investing, and wealth-building resource for African Americans. Commanders Geordi La Forge, Worf and Tuvok. The then-San Diego Chargers drafted Dingle in the fifth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. Brigadier General Charles McGee was called home at the age of 102. The New Jersey native was drafted 13th overall by the Steelers in 1972. Jazz piano legend Ramsey Lewis died Sept. 12 at the age of 87. Tamir Rice, a boy of 12, was shot dead in Cleveland, Ohio by a police officer after reports of a male who was "probably a juvenile" pointing a gun that was "probably fake" at passers by. A talented young reggae artiste, son of Stephen Marley & grandson of Bob Marley at only 31 yrs old, he tweeted. Helen Martin Actress Helen Martin died on March 25, 2000 2. That was a terrible thing for social media to put that out. Tytyanas substance abuse issues were previously highlighted on the show Growing Up Hip Hop. 409 combat missions in World War II, the Korean War and Vietnam. She is remembered not only for her role as a leader but for being a colleague, friend, and most of all, sister. If that's true, I'm just really healthy. She told the New York Times that her husband died of lung cancer. Williams had recently appeared in the critically acclaimed series Lovecraft Country, and was beloved as both an actor, a dancer and choreographer. On May 31, 1959, Holiday was checked into the hospital due to complications from liver and heart disease. She also made appearances on shows such as Police Woman and Sanford and Son. President Hickmon transitioned peacefully on January 20, 2022 after a recent illness. He also fathered a Hollywood star for the next generation, daughter Jamie Lee Curtis. My approach to life was, and still is, Do while you can, McGee said in a. While Owens was born in Alabama, he put his roots down in Boston, from where the Democrat launched a successful bid for state representative in 1973 before his historic election to the state senate in 1975, a position in which he served multiple terms until his retirement in 1992. He eventually gave up the big screen and transitioned full-time to painting. I still feel very strongly that he would have to be one of the all-time greats. The marquee artists of Sean Combs label Bad Boy Records, Wallace would go on to release dozens of hit records, memorable guest verses, and sell millions of albums. These are some of the recent musical superstars who seemed to have passed just too soon. During that time Mtume recorded three acoustic jazz compositions. On behalf of his family, it is with deep and profound sadness that we share the news of Jeff Becks passing. Cloris Leachman died at the age of 94 in January 2021. Got word that he passed. The DeBarges went on to record numerous albums among them, inspired by their mother, Etterlene DeBarge, a gospel artist. Comedia Jay Knight was on his way with a new show, the Bust Down,when he died Thursday. Tom Petty's overdose was caused by fentanyl, oxycodone, temazepam, alprazolam, citalopram, acetyl fentanyl, and despropionyl fentanyl. He said much of his experience as on-the-job training. His nightclub experience helped prepare him for Broadway. The German-born Spanish baritone star was infected with the Delta variant of Coronavirus. Although he later appeared in several television shows and films, he became focused on supporting UNICEF, becoming the charity's goodwill ambassador in 1991. Sadly, weve confirmed that another person from his biological family has joined him in the afterlife. Tytyana appeared alongside her brother on the reality show Growing Up Hip Hop in 2016. Editors Note: Originally published in 2011; updated March 2019, EVENTS The singers wife, Jan Dance, announced the tragic news in a statementto Varietyon Jan. 19. She died on Saturday at her home in Rhode Island. His personal demons came to a head when he and his father got into an altercation on April 1, 1984, that led to the singers death from a fatal gunshot wound. Hank Aaron (February 5, 1934 January 22, 2021)Major League Baseball legend and entrepreneur Hank Aaron died at the age of 86. Inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1984, Taylor spent 14 years with the Washington team first as a halfback and then wide-receiver. While younger generations may know him from his time as a judge on Americas Next Top Model, Talley has been a fixture in high fashion and journalism for almost 50 years. Tragically, he was murdered in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles on March 9, 1997. A member of the Arizona State inaugural Sports Hall of Fame, Taylor still holds the Washington franchise record for total touchdowns. Before following his fathers footsteps and jumping headfirst into a music career, Joseph Marley was an audio engineering student at Miami Dade College. Legendary director, choreographer and actress Debbie Allen called Cara a gifted and beautiful genius., Her talent and her music will LIVE FOREVER! The incident was caught on mobile phone footage and spread online. A STEM scholarship in his honor is set to begin in the Fall of 2022. Only a mobile phone was found at the scene, and Mr Clark was unarmed.
The Boston Globe reported that Owens had recently been in declining health, including testing positive for COVID-19. Copyright 2023 Interactive One, LLC. The star leaves behind two young children and was related to late rapper Juice WRLD, who passed away following an accidental overdose. NBC News reported that Traci spent the past year in treatment for Esophageal cancer. Ive lost a great friend, tweeted Ewing. Its easy to muse over what these superstars could have gone on to achieve in their already stellar careers, had the universe extended them more time. Get instant access to members-only products and hundreds of discounts, a free second membership, and a subscription toAARP The Magazine. She was 89. Samuels would often describe people in terms of either being high value or low value, with the latter typically reserved for the aforementioned single Black women of a certain age. He was known as a players coach and mentored many Hall Of Fame players, including Lebron James. Aaron won National League MVP in 1957, was featured on 25 All-Star teams and won three Gold Gloves. He was shot as he was reaching for his licence, according to his girlfriend. Love itself is too small a word.. Although he was most successful during his childhood, the actor continued to make cameos as himself and appeared in other movies until his death. Earlier this summer, Ray performed at D.C.s Comedy Loft and L.As HaHa Comedy Club. Redefining the. The incident - filmed by a bystander - led to protests across the country.
Her debut solo album Crash & Burn was released in 2014. She was truly an acting legend in her own right. It also transformed our understanding of the educational system and what we must do to create opportunities for all members of our diverse society to learn, grow, and thrive in school and beyond, Manning wrote in part. We are grateful for Louis having been a member of our Syracuse Athletics family as a player, coach, and friend.. (Oct. 14, 1927 May 23, 2017)Making his 007 debut inLive and Let Die(1973), Sir Roger Moore played suave British secret agent James Bond in seven films, concluding withA View to a Kill(1985). He pleaded that he couldn't breathe, and after his death, protests broke out across the US, and there were demonstrations in other parts of the world. According to a June Sports Illustrated article, half of the leagues teams were led by Black head coaches. Shakespeares sentiment, Parting is such sweet sorrow, could be true as we mourn the passing of icons. His wife, TV personality Kathie Lee, has said that he hated funerals, so when he passed away his loved ones had a party and played Frank Sinatra all day long.". 45 Celebrities Who Died Over the Past 10 Years - Wow Gallery | eBaum's World 45 Celebrities Who Died Over the Past 10 Years solidsnake4545 Published 01/02/2020 in wow We've said goodbye to some iconic faces over the past decade. Her husbandDamian Lewis broke the unfortunate newsin April 2021, saying she had died peacefully at home. Riperton was noted for her unique five-and-a-half octave vocal range. He was poetry on a football field.. After his death, sources shared he didn't want a fuss for his milestone birthday.
Black Vietnam veteran finally honored with Medal of Honor Bernard Shaw, a veteran journalist and award-winning cable news anchor whose unwavering command of current events helped open doors for other Black broadcast journalists, died Sept. 8 at the age of 82. Harts songwriting defined the music scene in Philadelphia, and his memory will continue to live on through his music, read the statement. The actor, who appeared in projects including "Even Stevens," "Major Crimes," "Tiger. Where Mary Alice really shined was on the big screen. According to the National World War II Museum, McGee flew more combat missions in the three wars than any other pilot. This story has been shared 80,221 times. According to imdb.com, Stoker is credited with 59 different roles in his career beginning in 1969 when he played Dave on the hit TV show, Mod Squad. Fashion icon Andr Leon Talley died on Jan. 18 at the age of 73. Romeo also shared an Instagram statement, encouraging people to cherish their loved ones. The passengers of the second vehicle involved in the accident were not injured. Actor Lou Myers, best known for his role on A Different World, died on February 19, 2013. His death was caused by drug toxicity. Peace, love, and harmony to all who knew David and those he touched. While death is inevitably a part of life, that truth doesnt make it any easier to say goodbye to those who have died.
Famous Black People Who Have Died in 2022 - Magic 95.5 FM He was pronounced dead at the scene. Sam Gilliam, a celebrated abstract artist particularly known for his work on drapes, died at the age of 88. Sean Diddy Combs called him one of a kind days after his passing, which prompted ongoing conversations about the establishment of funds to support legendary hip-hop artists. Read about our approach to external linking. Jim Redmond pushed through security from the stands and joined his injured son on the track with the words of comfort, Well finish together! And they did! She even co-starred in the classic PBS show, Charles Sherrod, a civil rights icon in Georgia Charles Sherrod and an early leader of the, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. : One Womans Struggle Against Sexism, Classism, Racism, Gentrification, and the Empowerment Zone, which was published in 2000. McGee retired at the rank of Colonel in 1973. Football player turned actor Bubba Smith died on August 03, 2011. Singer Jesse Powell died in Los Angeles at the age of 51.
Black Celebrities Who Died Between 2000 - 2009 - Black America Web He was poetry on a football field.. The loss of a child is a devastating blow no parent should face, my condolences to Stephen & the entire family.. Louis Orr was the greatest man Ive had the pleasure to know, tweeted Boeheim. ", AARP Membership $12 for your first year when you sign up for Automatic Renewal. Thomas Jefferson Byrd died on October 3, 2020. His management team confirmed the sad news on social media and tribute to him in a post on Facebook. Although the cause of death may not be confirmed for weeks, she suggested it was due to heart failure. Four years later, Marley dropped his debut solo EP, Comfortable, and in 2016 he joined his father on Revelation Party, a song from Stephens album Revelation Part 2: The Fruit of Life. His most recent project, Eternal which featured collaborations with reggae and dancehall artists like Busy Signal, Black-Am-I, and Kabaka Pyramid arrived in 2021., Fans, both of Mersas legendary grandfather and his own music, have begun flooding social media to send their heartfelt condolences. Alicia was the fuel that ran my biggest dreams. 3.
Celebrity deaths 2023: Stars who died this year | EW.com Browning, who reportedly could hold his breath. Plummer became the oldest Academy Award acting winner in history at the age of 82 in 2012.
Celebrity Deaths in 2023: Stars Who Died This Year A Motown legend, Gaye racked up an impressive musical catalog of timeless records that ranged from political commentary to love ballads. I did not play for the city or for the fans.. After his time as a player in the NBA, Silas coached the Clippers, Nets, Knicks, Suns, Hornets, Cavaliers, and Bobcats. Respected on both sides of the aisle and a Republican for most of his career, Powell was a public speaker, an author and served on the board of directors of Revolution Health and the Council on Foreign Relations. The legendary entertainers career spanned nearly 60 years and she was most known for her work on Broadway, The Incredible Mr. Limpe and I Love Lucy.. Shaw, who rose to journalistic prominence as the face of CNN for more than 20 years after becoming one of the then-upstart networks first news anchors, gained the collective trust of America as he reported on myriad history-making moments in the U.S. as well as around the world. Hayden Panettieres brother, Jansen Panettiere, died suddenly in February. Former NFL player and coach Charley Taylor died Feb. 19 at the age of 80. Hughes also has a very real background in the civil rights movement, including having worked with the likes of the Rev. He also played alongside rock and pop stars like Bob Dylan and Grace Jones, cementing the latters 1981 Nightclubbing LP into a serious classic. According to TMZ, Joseph Jo Mersa Marley, grandson of Bob Marley, has died as a result of asthma-related conditions. The 28-year-old passed away in hospital as a result of his injuries Credit: AFP. NFL player Jaylon Ferguson was found dead in his Baltimore home on June 21. Actress Denise Dowse had her final curtain call on Aug. 13. The scholar known as the "founder of black liberation theology" died at age 79 on April 28, 2018. He was 28. In December 2020, the Justice Department said it was closing its investigation into the case as there was not enough evidence to bring federal criminal charges. Though in later years Nimoy hoped to be known for more than his 1960sStar Trek role his first autobiography was titledI Am Not Spock(1975) the actor could hardly escape his iconic status. 1 U.S. overdose deaths in 2017 She was only 33-years-old. Hailing from Seattle, Washington, he rose to fame in Europe before gaining accolades in the United States. He is survived by his three children and countless grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren. Born June 11, 1937, Florida-born and Harlem raised Brown wanted to be remembered as a well-rounded entertainer. The hip-hop personality died following a four-month battle with COVID-19. However, her long-term drug and alcohol addictions caught up with her and her health began to fail in her later years. But she did have some choice words during an NAACP conference following the nomination debacle. One of the kindest, gentlest men I have ever known, he said in a tweet. A different privacy policy and terms of service will apply. I endured the personal humiliation of being vilified as a madwoman with strange hair you know what that means a strange name and strange ideas, ideas like democracy, freedom and fairness that mean all people must be equally represented in our political process, Guinier said at the time. He earnedPrimetime Emmy Awardnominations for his appearances in the TV biopicBessie, HBO series The Night Of, Netflixdrama seriesWhen They See Us, andHBO's Lovecraft Country. Actor and direct Robert Townsend paid tribute to Julien on Twitter. He will be remembered for his humility and thoughtfulness, Syracuse University Director of Athletics John Wildhack told the outlet. Born June 11, 1937, Florida-born and Harlem raised Brown wanted to be remembered as a well-rounded entertainer. Artimus Lamont Bentley Artimus Lamont Bentley (Oct. 25, 1973 - Jan. 19, 2005) was an African-American television and film actor. The actor joinedCoronation Streetand played the popular character of Mike Baldwinin 1976. Williams cause of death has not been revealed. His legacy will continue to live on through his legendary music. Taylor first joined the NFL in 1964, playing for the Washington team. She was a beautifully gifted soul whose legacy will live forever through her music and films., An academy award-winning actress, singer, songwriter and producer, Cara touched many with her high-energy performances and soulful voice. She was one of a kind, beautiful, generous and possessed a brilliant sense of humor and a glittering spirit that everyone loved.. twice and was a regular on the sketch-comedy show Rowan & Martins Laugh-In. Brown reportedly was in line for the role of Lamont on Sanford and Son, but his contract with Laugh-In prevented him from taking the opportunity. Besides being skilled on the mic, their reps at graffiti writers also came through in their visuals and lyrics. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2007 and was inducted into the. He died peacefully at home withhis wife Pollyand sons Frank and Noah by his side. Our family is dealing with an overwhelming grief for the loss of my little sister Tytyana, Romeo wrote. He was also a part of The Immaculate Reception, which is one of the most iconic plays ever to be witnessed in the NFL. Rock legend David Crosby has died after a long battle with an unknown illness. Funny. Robert Guillaume died on October 24, 2017. Gail Fisher Gail Fisher died on December 2, 2000. Despite various birth dates listed for Julien online, TMZ confirmed that he was born on Jan. 1, 1933. Whose Inner-City Is This Anyway! Civil rights lawyer, legal scholar and professor Lani Guinier, whose nomination to serve as the head of the DOJs Civil Rights Division in President Bill Clintons administration was derailed thanks to Republican opposition based on the topic of race, has died at the age of 71. I am deeply saddened by the news that artiste Joseph Marley, son of Reggae star, Stephen Marley and grandson of Reggae superstar, Bob Marley has died.. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Eventually, she would move to New York City to hone her skills and blossom in her craft on Broadway. But his influence on the game extended far beyond that franchise. Actor Al Brown, who is best known for his role as Col. Stan Valchek on the HBO hit series "The Wire," died on Jan. 13 in Las Vegas from complications due to Alzheimer's disease. the Ronettes cultivated an image modeled on the streetwise women of their Spanish Harlem roots. Former NFL player Deacon Jones died on June 3, 2013. Lanier, who boasted a hulking height of six-foot-ten and seemingly record-setting size 22 sneakers, was an eight-time NBA all-star in 14 seasons with the Detroit Pistons and the Milwaukee Bucks. Our family is dealing with an overwhelming grief for the loss of my daughter Tytyana, he wrote. Lisa Marie Presley died on Jan. 12 at the age of 54. So much black musical talent has been lost at young ages. Artifacts, along with fellow Jersey native El Da Sensei, came to fame in the early 90s, going from freestyles on theStretch & Bobbitoradio show to scoring a hit with Wrong Side Of The Tracks, released on Big Beat/Atlantic Records. Here we pay homage to all of the famous black people who have passed away in 2022. Belzer had lots of health issues, and his last words were, Fk you, motherfker,' Belzers friend Bill Scheft told the outlet. He died at the age of 80 from an unspecified cause of death. The Syracuse great has been well remembered by his former school. Patricks death came just over a year after his 11-month-old baby died from total organ failure. In 2021, Black America collectively grieved the loss of many prominent members of our community from political titans to accomplished artists and their deaths touched us all. His love of jazz would continue in his own career joining Miles Davis band from 1971-1975 as a percussionist. Born Eleanor Fagan, Holiday was a celebrated jazz singer who shifted the musical landscape of her genre in the 1940s and earned critical acclaim as a result. Thanks for contacting us. Thank you Mr. Julian for making me think outside the box God bless his soul.. He also said he believed that Tytyana was in a better place, at peace and free. Quick witted. Stephen lit up every room he stepped into. He went on to appear in 2,349 episodes before he left the show in 2006.
Stars who died in 2023, who died today yesterday, celebrity deaths Orr was a second-round draft pick by Indiana in 1980 and played two seasons with the Pacers before spending six seasons playing for the New York Knicks from 1982 to 88.